Deepa Kumar — Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire

1587 published claims from this book.

• ‘The White Man’s Burden’ was subtitled to recruit America into empire
• 1947 National Security Act rebranded imperial expansion as defensive security
• 2011 mass protests shared tactics across continents against the global 1 percent.
• A 1992 leaked Pentagon report pre-declared US unilateral global hegemony and preemptive war
• A bestselling memoir’s one-dimensional Iranian characters helped legitimize a tough US line on Iran.
• A cluster of 2009 arrests fueled a media narrative conflating Muslim identity with terrorism
• A concentrated wave of 2009 arrests cast Muslims as wartime internal enemies
• A conspiracy-peddling lawyer drove 201 anti-Sharia bills in 43 states
• A convicted terror accomplice may have been a government informant against Hashmi
• A coordinated international counter-jihad movement shares strategies across borders
• A fabricated mosque statistic propagated through media legitimated the King hearings and radicalization policy
• A fabricated mosque statistic spread from far right into mainstream media
• A fabricated statistic about mosques seeded two hundred anti-Sharia state bills
• A false 80 percent mosque statistic powered the anti-Sharia legislative campaign.
• A Forbes columnist attributed Muslim violence to inherent religious tendency
• A former Afghan president framed US bombing as weapons testing, not counterterrorism
• A former CIA officer documents a dramatically inflated terrorist threat
• A former Inquisition head could denounce religious violence in Islam with no criticism
• A mainstream news watchdog awarded top honor to conspiratorial anti-Muslim TV.
• A media intellectual framed Muslim-American violence as inherent religious tendency, not breakdown
• A narrative about Muslim women’s oppression only emerged with European colonialism
• A network of named think tanks and groups produced the Muslim takeover conspiracy narrative.
• A pope resurrected the Orientalist equation of Islam with irrationality as recently as 2006
• A popular Democratic president legitimized and expanded the Republican war on terror.
• A professor framed Fort Hood violence as inherent to all Muslims, not psychological breakdown
• A pseudodocumentary claiming Muslims seek global domination was used as police training material.
• A racist logic marked Iraqis as vulnerable to premature death
• A Reagan-era DOJ plan identified a Louisiana camp for interning Arab Americans
• A senior Trump official publicly framed Obama’s Muslim heritage as disloyalty to America.
• A sitting pope repeated the Orientalist equation of Islam with irrational violence
• A subtle memoir can prepare American readers to accept a hard line on Iran
• A teenage Muslim girl was arrested and detained on an un-evidenced suicide-bomber claim
• A terror industrial complex produces Islamophobia through interlocking institutions
• A top commentator framed Muslim identity itself as a turn toward violence
• A transnational counter-jihad network moves ideas, people, and money between the US and Europe
• A trivial marine incursion shaped lasting US imperial rhetoric
• A twenty-first-century pope recycled the Orientalist trope linking Islam to irrationality and violence.
• Accommodation versus confrontation of Islamists produce distinct liberal and conservative Islamophobias.
• Actual encounters with Muslims could dissipate American negative stereotypes
• Actual evidence of Muslim practice can break negative stereotypes
• Administering presumed guilt by area doubles down racialized vulnerability to death.
• Advertisers harnessed Orientalist excess tropes to legitimize American consumer indulgence
• Advocating racial equality was criminalized as sedition against US white supremacy
• Afghan war transformed scattered urban militants into an organized movement
• Afghan women’s conditions did not improve and even worsened after invasion
• African Muslim slaves preserved Islam until Protestant abolitionism pulled them into Christianity
• Al-Qaeda began as a 1988 database of Afghan volunteer records
• Al-Qaeda’s name originated as bin Laden’s 1988 database of camp volunteers
• America pursued WWII deliberately to build a postwar world order it would lead
• American Cold War strategy cultivated Islamists against secular nationalism
• American cotton built on expropriated land and slave labor powered the English Industrial Revolution
• American exceptionalism erases the country’s settler-colonial and imperial wars while projecting benevolence
• American exceptionalism repackaged empire because it could not inherit old imperial language
• American founders saw the Muslim world as the republic’s opposite
• American Islamophobia rests on homogenizing all Muslims into one monolithic culture.
• American missionaries followed soldiers and merchants, driven by trade and manifest destiny.
• American missionaries followed soldiers and merchants, not the reverse
• American postwar empire legitimized itself through ‘benevolent supremacy’ rather than old colonialism.
• American presidents endorsed the myth of Muslim incapacity for self-rule
• American racialization of slaves ran on labor and land, not on religion
• American suffragists borrowed Turkish dress as feminist resistance
• American territorial expansion, slavery, and cotton drove the Industrial Revolution symbiotically
• Americans are taught to recognize only overt hate speech as racism
• An anticommunist Islam strategy failed because elites preferred communism and socialism
• An ex-head of the Inquisition denounced Islam’s violence with no criticism
• An unchallenged false mosque statistic legitimized McCarthy-style Muslim monitoring
• An unfounded claim about mosques spread across media for years unchallenged
• Ancestry-based purity laws displaced religious conversion as a path to inclusion
• Antebellum American attitudes to Muslims were elastic, not fixed
• Antebellum American slavery used forced Christian conversion to define civilization and belonging
• Antebellum American views of Muslims shifted with historical circumstances
• Anti-Arab terrorism framing preceded and prepared anti-Islamic framing
• Anti-colonial movements disproved the mosque-state-fusion Orientalist stereotype
• Anti-communist control mechanisms are recycled to target each successive racialized or dissident group
• Anti-communist legal machinery transfers intact onto racialized Muslim and later leftist targets.
• Anti-communist legal machinery was adapted wholesale to target Muslims
• Anti-Islamist books framing a Left-Islamist conspiracy inspired Breivik’s massacre
• Anti-Left smear campaigns against Islamists were cited to justify mass murder
• Anti-mosque talking points were coordinated across right-wing nodes
• Anti-Muslim activism is a coordinated network spanning neoconservatives and broader right-wing factions.
• Anti-Muslim activists are networked insiders of the US security establishment
• Anti-Muslim extremists function as within-establishment security educators, not fringe outsiders
• Anti-Muslim ideology produced no oppressive systems before postwar MENA empire
• Anti-Muslim oppression constitutes structural racism, not mere religious intolerance
• Anti-Muslim prejudice was deliberately deployed by elites at specific political moments.
• Anti-Muslim propaganda videos drew mainstream security officials as participants
• Anti-Muslim propaganda won mainstream legitimacy on PBS as early as 1994
• Anti-Muslim propagandists specialize in campus outreach and coordinated media distribution.
• Anti-Muslim racialization awaited actual imperial domination, not just ideology
• Anti-Muslim racialization is unstable, contested, and co-produced with anti-racism
• Anti-Muslim racism arises from empire as a normal modality, not only crisis.
• Anti-Muslim racism collapses diverse names, skin tones, dress, and nations into one imagined enemy.
• Anti-Muslim racism contains internal contradictions and countervailing tendencies that resist neat causal models
• Anti-Muslim racism denies individuality by marking all Muslims as a blameworthy collective
• Anti-Muslim racism has no unbroken historical continuity from medieval to modern forms
• Anti-Muslim racism in politics spans both parties in liberal and conservative forms
• Anti-Muslim racism is a normal tool of empire, not crisis response
• Anti-Muslim racism is a persistent product of empire, not event-driven.
• Anti-Muslim racism is interwoven with settler colonialism, police violence, and the prison system
• Anti-Muslim racism is not continuous from the Inquisition to Abu Ghraib
• Anti-Muslim racism is produced across intersecting institutional spheres, not by any single source
• Anti-Muslim racism is structural to empire rather than a fringe phenomenon.
• Anti-Muslim racism is structurally rooted in empire, not individual prejudice
• Anti-Muslim racism is systemic, not fringe, and requires dismantling the national security state
• Anti-Muslim racism operates as steady imperial practice, not only crisis response
• Anti-Muslim racism operates even inside leftist and liberal anti-war movements
• Anti-Muslim racism operates through contradictions and unstable imperial terrain, not a well-oiled machine.
• Anti-Muslim racism rests on six entrenched ideological frames reproduced as media fact.
• Anti-Muslim racism takes reactionary, conservative, and liberal forms in the media
• Anti-Muslim racism targets those merely perceived as Muslim, including Christians and Sikhs
• Anti-Muslim racism’s power lies in unexamined assumptions presented as fact.
• Anti-Muslim resistance organized across racial lines against NYPD surveillance
• Anti-Muslim stereotyping tracked England’s military capacity against the Ottomans.
• Anti-Muslim suspicion targets all Muslims, not just violent extremists
• Anti-Ottoman crusader attitudes were transferred onto Native Americans by English colonists
• Anti-racist movements often fail to see anti-Muslim bigotry as racism
• Anti-racist Muslim American writing draws censorship while imperial apologia is celebrated
• Anti-racists who accept fixed race categories repeat the racists’ own trap
• Anti-Sharia legislation spread across 43 states via one network’s fabricated data
• Anti-terror material support laws criminalize religious charity and political solidarity
• Anti-terror operations disproportionately net poor Black men incited by paid informants
• Anti-Turk attitudes shaped English views of Native Americans as savages
• Anti-veil campaigns aimed to disarm Islam as liberation-movement glue
• Anti-war activism was prosecuted as material support for terrorism
• Arab Americans’ racial exclusion from whiteness tracks the rise of US global empire
• Arab and Muslim identities are distinct and overlap only partially.
• Arab and Muslim identities are distinct categories, not interchangeable
• Arab communist parties slavishly followed Soviet policy and lost legitimacy
• Arab ethnic identity is linguistic and cultural, distinct from Muslim religious identity.
• Arab ethnicity is defined by language and culture, not religion
• Arab Muslims gained US citizenship rights by being classified as a Semitic white race
• Arab Muslims won US citizenship via the Semitic-race argument in the mid-1940s
• Arab nationalism failed concretely on unity, Palestine, and economics
• Arab regimes in the 1970s deliberately backed Islamists against secular nationalists and the left
• Arab socialism operated as state capitalism with authoritarian repression
• Arab-language education was smeared as terrorist by guilt-by-association campaigns
• Arabian and Muslim identities are distinct categories defined by language, not religion
• Arabic scientific writings served as medieval European textbooks for centuries.
• Arabs and Muslims are distinct categories frequently conflated in U.S. political rhetoric.
• Arabs in the 1950s separated private religion from public politics
• As academia grew critical, think tanks filled the role of supplying empire with theory.
• Assassinating bin Laden did not stop the US war on non-state actors.
• Assimilation was rendered suspect as a mask for latent Muslim violence
• Association with Ottoman power gave moriscos grudging respect in Europe
• Ataturk’s secularization was a class struggle against the old Islamic ruling order
• Attacking the veil aimed to defang Algeria’s Islamic-tinged liberation movement
• Attributing every social characteristic to religious texts erases contextual factors
• Balfour claimed Orientals never developed capacities for self-government
• Balfour denied Orientals any capacity for self-government in 1910
• Balfour denied Orientals any history of self-government
• Balfour’s 1910 speech exemplifies the knowledge-power nexus of British empire
• Barack Obama authorized killing US citizens abroad via drone without trial
• Barbary captivity narratives denounced white slavery while ignoring American slavery
• Barbary captivity narratives doubled as Native American captivity stories
• Barbary captivity tales denounced white slavery while US chattel slavery rose.
• Because anti-Muslim racism is historically contingent, it can be ended.
• Before the Enlightenment, educated Europeans regarded Islam with curiosity rather than contempt
• Being an ex-Muslim critic of Islam is a profitable career in the Islamophobia industry
• Benevolent hegemony language still infantilizes and racializes the colonized.
• Bernard Lewis argued Arabs are unready for Western-style elections
• Bernard Lewis justified the essentialist category of Islamic terrorism
• Bernard Lewis maintained Arabs were unsuited to Western-style democracy even after the Arab Spring.
• Bernard Lewis reduced fourteen centuries of East-West to unchanging conflict.
• Bernard Lewis still argued in the 2000s that Arabs were unfit for democracy
• Biden premised returning to liberal empire rather than ending imperial policies
• Biden’s return to liberal Islamophobia continues imperial drone and Israel policies.
• Bipartisan imperial consensus ran on a benevolence veneer both parties shared.
• Black American Islam functioned as post-Reconstruction resistance to white supremacy
• Black Muslims were FBI-targeted for Islamic practice voicing anti-imperial resistance.
• Blood purity laws elevated poor Christians while excluding converts from power.
• Blood purity laws racialized religious difference in medieval Spain.
• Blumenbach joined cultural and physical traits while ranking Caucasians as the original human race.
• Bodily and cultural notions of race developed together from the start
• Bodily notions of inherited difference preceded fully secular modern racism.
• Bombing and sanctions constitute racialized vulnerability to premature death
• Both conservative and liberal anti-extremism approaches are forms of cultural racism
• Both hawkish and accommodating Islam policies presume culture, not history, drives action
• Both neocons and realists deploy an Islamic threat frame serving shared US dominance
• Both US parties frame Islamism as a new totalitarian enemy
• Britain borrowed demonization of Native Americans and applied it to Muslims
• Britain’s break with Rome and curbed nobility enabled its imperial rise.
• British deposition of Indian Muslim rulers catalyzed the founding of Deobandi Islamism in 1867
• British liberal thinkers racialized Indians through infantilization without using the word race
• British liberals infantilized Indians to justify denying them democratic rights
• British liberals justified imperial rule by infantilizing Indian subjects
• British views of Ottomans mixed fear and awe without colonial designs
• British women joined colonial projects to win equality with Englishmen
• Bush and Clinton administrations resisted the neocon anti-Islamic-terrorism agenda
• Bush to Obama was a rhetorical shift masking unchanged imperial fundamentals.
• Bush used women’s rights and democracy to justify war
• Byzantine-Persian exhaustion enabled early Muslim conquests
• Campus organizing defeated the Islamophobic campaign against Joseph Massad.
• Campus Watch attacked Middle East scholars as a route to anti-Arab targeting.
• Campus Watch’s racist logic progressed from accusing scholars to targeting professors.
• Campus watchdogs attacked Middle East scholars to police criticism of Israel
• Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization
• Capitalism capped the reach of Enlightenment emancipation through racialized colonial rule
• Capitalist imperialism plus liberal societies produced Muslims as a full race
• Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization
• Capitalist values shaped how Americans contrasted their republic with Ottoman despotism
• Casting targeted actors as irrational masks their strategic rationality and motives
• Casting the East as static and despotic logically licensed western intervention
• Cervantes could sympathize with an expelled morisca while denouncing Muslim lands
• Cervantes portrayed expelled moriscos sympathetically during mass expulsion
• CFR realists rejected the Orientalist claim that Islam blocks communism
• Charitable aid to Palestinian civilians was criminalized as terror financing
• Charity aid to needy Palestinians was prosecuted as material support for terrorism
• Charity to FTO-linked hospitals is criminalized as material support.
• Charity to Palestinian civilians was prosecuted as terror financing without violence evidence.
• Childhood metaphor unified British liberal justifications for denying Indian rights
• Christian anti-Islamic polemic was a defensive reaction to Muslim power and prestige
• Christian Europe persecuted scientific dissenters far more systemically than Islamic empires did
• Christian violence is never generalized to all Christians, but Muslim violence is.
• Christian-majority societies show comparable institutional and historical sexism.
• Christians preferred Ottoman tolerance over Catholic persecution
• CIA aid to Afghan mujahideen predated the Soviet invasion by six months
• CIA Islamic-geopolitics strategy failed because elites preferred communism or nationalism
• CIA surveillance technology deployed abroad was used domestically against Muslims.
• CIA-trained Afghan militants became the later anti-US threat
• CIA-trained Afghan militants constituted direct blowback against US empire
• CIA-trained Afghan militants later turned their violent skills against the United States
• CIA-trained Afghan mujahideen produced the terrorist attacks against America
• Civilizational theory defined all non-Western peoples as inferior by default
• Civilizing-mission ideology deflected contradiction between French democratic values and colonial conquest
• Civilizing-mission ideology won home consent among nations professing equality
• Claiming Islam is a monolith requires denying its historical diversity
• Clash-of-civilizations rhetoric ideologically legitimized both foreign wars and domestic attacks
• Class position determines whether Islamists adopt moderate or radical tactics
• Class position mediates how severely US Islamophobia affects Muslims
• Climate-based theories of Oriental despotism still shape Western views of the region
• Clinton reframed US post-Cold War power as democracy promotion through free trade
• Clinton’s democracy promotion was aimed at making the world safe for neoliberal capitalism
• Clinton’s foreign policy fused free trade with a claimed humanitarian mission
• Clinton’s multilateral humanitarianism masked unilateral US militarism and genocidal sanctions
• Clinton’s multilateralist foreign policy claimed a morally righteous humanitarian purpose
• Clinton’s Wilsonianism treated US dominance as a saintly noble phase
• Co-opting gay rights rhetoric into national identity racialized Muslims as civilizational others.
• COINTELPRO surveillance methods were redeployed to racialize Arab Americans as terrorists
• Cold War counterinsurgency logic fused foreign and domestic Arab threats
• Cold War legislation mobilized US universities to produce imperial knowledge
• Cold War logic led the US to fund Islamists even after Iran’s revolution
• Cold War social science methods carried ethnocentric assumptions while claiming neutrality
• Colonial administration targeted starving women first with anti-veil propaganda.
• Colonial administrators framed imperialism as enlightened cosmopolitanism
• Colonial administrators framed Islam as inherently degrading women.
• Colonial powers cast nationalist leaders as misguided agitators to dismiss self-rule
• Colonial powers devised civilizing-mission ideology to win domestic consent for conquest.
• Colonial rescue logic persists as ‘half victim, half terrorist’ duality
• Colonial rhetoric weaponized other men’s sexism to justify cultural erasure
• Colonial rule worsened Egyptian women’s education despite feminist rhetoric
• Colonial rulers framed nationalist leaders as misguided and unable to grasp their own interests
• Colonial scholarship amassed vast knowledge about Egypt without any native input.
• Colonial scholarship displaced natives’ own self-understanding with the colonizer’s vision
• Colonial surveillance techniques developed abroad were imported home to police domestic populations.
• Colonial unveiling campaigns functioned as psychological warfare against colonized men
• Colonial-era science transformed Muslims into a fixed racialized type
• Colonial-native feminist rhetoric aimed to train women as caregivers, not liberate them
• Colonialism replaced Enlightenment universalism with a racialized superiority complex toward Muslims.
• Colonialism replaced Enlightenment universalism with an imperialist superiority complex
• Colonialism replaced Enlightenment universalism with ideologies of inherent racial inferiority
• Color-blind security measures can turn religious groups into a race
• Color-blind security practices racialize without any actor believing they are racist
• Colorblind national-security pretexts let courts uphold racial bans they reject elsewhere
• Columbus’s voyage came immediately after Spain’s conquest of Granada.
• Communist parties surrendered independence to align with Ba’athist regimes
• Communist parties were the real alternative that squandered the vacuum
• Community leaders unknowingly become intelligence sources for the security state
• Conflating all Western knowledge production with Orientalism repeats essentialism and obscures historical specificity
• Conservative and liberal approaches to Islamic extremism share a cultural-racist frame
• Conservative and liberal Islamophobia are both forms of imperial racism.
• Conservative Islamophobes shaped media frames even when they lost foreign-policy battles
• Constructing the enemy as boundless justifies war across all regions and peoples
• Contemporary Islamophobia extends Orientalism’s Sin to all Muslims, not only Arabs.
• Contemporary Islamophobia extends Orientalist blame onto all Muslims, not just Arabs
• Contemporary US imperial racism echoes the founding wars against indigenous peoples
• Contradiction within anti-Muslim racism is the basis for its end.
• Conversion stopped shielding converted Jews from discrimination by the late fourteenth century.
• Cordoba House initially had cross-partisan establishment support
• Cordoba House initially won broad bipartisan elite and media support.
• Cordoba House referenced Muslim Spain’s era of interfaith coexistence
• Cordoba House was deliberately named after a model of Muslim-Christian-Jewish coexistence.
• Counter-subversive legal machinery is recycled across successive enemy categories
• Counter-subversive measures built for leftists get redeployed against Arab and Muslim Americans
• Countering Islamophobia demands structural change, not just education and protest.
• Counterinsurgency doctrine officially fuses military combat with nation-building and civilian functions
• Counterinsurgency doctrine requires soldiers to serve as nation builders and warriors simultaneously
• Counterinsurgency doctrine weaponizes knowledge and empathy as tools of empire.
• Counterinsurgency doctrine weaponizes social knowledge-gathering alongside military force
• Counterinsurgency techniques move between the red scare and the green scare unchanged
• Counterterrorism is framed as an internal ideological struggle over Muslim mainstream
• Counterterrorism policy derives from Cold War totalitarianism theory linking ideology to violence
• Court-ordered FOIA releases reveal FBI surveillance of US South Asians
• Courts treated ordinary Muslim religiosity as evidence of terrorist predisposition
• Cromer characterized Orientals as inherently deficient in logic
• Cromer opposed women’s suffrage in Britain while invoking women’s rights to justify empire
• Crusader violence against civilians exceeded Saladin’s conduct in Jerusalem
• Crusader violence exceeded that of their Muslim adversaries in scale and cruelty
• Cultural essentialism divides civilizations and serves as a pillar of race making
• Cultural Orientalism mixed reverence with denigration and shifted across moments
• Cultural Orientalism was admiring and varied, unlike institutional Orientalism that served colonialism.
• Cultural racism explains Muslim violence through religion rather than lived circumstances
• Cultural racism locks groups into immutable genealogies as biological racism did
• Cultural racism locks groups into immutable genealogies just as biological race did.
• Culture served as a racializing mode that displaced politics onto religion
• Decolonization scholarship made academia less useful, shifting state reliance to think tanks
• Decolonization-driven academic critique pushed empire toward think tanks
• Dehumanization of targeted groups makes violence against them seem reasonable.
• Delacroix painted the East from imagination without ever traveling there
• Delacroix’s Sardanapalus visualized the Oriental despot myth before he visited the East
• Democratic leadership offered at most a tepid defense of Muslim religious freedom
• Denying colonial subjects the rights Europeans fought for required racializing them as essentially fixed
• Denying Muslims are enemies can itself activate Orientalist registers and construct them as threats
• Denying that Muslims are enemies can itself construct them as threats
• Dependent countries had to westernize even when resisting the West
• Despite anti-war campaign rhetoric, Trump expanded Obama’s war on terror in the region
• Digital proliferation collapsed the primary-secondary definer boundary
• Disappointed travelers used unmet Orientalist expectations as proof of Christian superiority
• Dispersed religious authority in Islam prevented church-state clashes
• Diversity rhetoric leaves empire-directed structural anti-Muslim racism untouched
• Domestic anti-Muslim campaigns needed liberal commentary to reach the mainstream
• Domestic war on terror functions as a manufactured spectacle of fear rather than safety
• Dominant cultural frames win through repetition while silencing alternatives.
• Dominant frames win through repetition while dissent is framed as mere perspective
• Dominant media frames win by repetition while silencing and relativizing rivals.
• Double consciousness makes Muslim leaders adopt the good-bad Muslim frame
• Drone strikes killed up to 9,000 people including 2,000 civilians and 500 children.
• Drone targeting presumed every military-age male a combatant unless proven innocent posthumously.
• During the early Cold War, Islam was coded positively in US discourse
• Early America defined its republican identity against imagined Ottoman despotism
• Early American elites defined the republic against perceived Ottoman despotism
• Early American Orientalist tales depicted Easterners as convertible through democracy and love
• Early British anti-Muslim imagery was borrowed from Native American encounters
• Early Cold War discourse coded Islam positively when anti-communist
• Early colonial rule instrumentally praised Islam rather than demonizing it
• Early consumer capitalism marketed indulgence as foreign and disavowable
• Early Islamic empire required separating clerical from political authority
• Early Islamic revivalism was a middle-class response to colonial threat
• Early modern blood-purity racism inherited heresy suspicion, not intellectual inferiority
• Early modern Europe could sympathize with individual Muslims while expelling the group
• Early modern European imperialism was seaborne, monopoly-seeking mercantilism enforced by arms
• Early modern Spain and Portugal pioneered hereditary notions of bodily racial difference.
• Early Muslim conquests rode on Byzantine-Persian exhaustion as war was then the norm
• Early Muslim conquests succeeded partly because war-weary peoples welcomed the armies
• Early Salafism was not anti-state or revolutionary
• Early US think-tank debate treated Islam instrumentally, not ideologically
• Early Virginia law ruled that slave conversion did not grant freedom
• Economic crises of the 1960s-70s produced the Arab terrorist figure as a moral panic.
• Economic crisis birthed twin racial projects criminalizing blacks and Arabs
• Economic transition to capitalist imperialism produced Muslims as a racial category
• Effective change combines anger, science, patience, and both particular and systemic understanding.
• Egypt labels pro-democracy activists as terrorists to block their release
• Egyptian elites deliberately treated the French as colonial guides
• Eight MENA states threw off colonial rule between 1932 and 1962
• Eighteenth-century British imperial ideology shifted from conversion to market motives.
• Eighteenth-century ethnology fused bodily and cultural notions of race together
• Eighteenth-century Europeans ranked Islam as a civilization on par with Christendom
• Eighteenth-century naturalists laid groundwork for scientific racism as ideology justifying slavery
• Eisenhower and Dulles pathologized Arab nationalism as incapable of self-rule
• Eisenhower armed Islamist groups against secular nationalists during the Cold War
• Eisenhower’s doctrine secretly armed Islamist groups against secular nationalists.
• Eisenhower’s Islam strategy armed Islamists against secular nationalists
• Elected figures can act as counter-definers within the mainstream
• Electoral politics incentivize both parties to weaponize anti-Muslim racism for career gain
• Elite power over anti-Muslim discourse is open to contestation by mass movements
• Elite power over the imperial matrix is not absolute
• Elite-driven Islamophobia faces countervailing mass movements that can redirect public opinion.
• Elites hold power that mass movements can and do check through organized struggle
• Elites mobilized Islamophobia to advance their political agendas across centuries
• Elizabethan England never conceived colonizing the Ottomans or Moors
• Empire alone does not automatically generate racial regimes.
• Empire frames the jihadist struggle as an internal Muslim ideological contest
• Empire generates the scholarly paradigms that then legitimize its interventions.
• Empire is a contingent process that reproduces itself through shifting racism.
• Empire is a mutable structure that keeps reconfiguring race.
• Empire must keep reworking itself and can fail to secure racial regimes
• Empire produces anti-Muslim racism which in turn sustains empire
• Empire-building forced a de facto separation of religious and political power in Islam.
• Ending anti-Muslim racism requires dismantling the national security state and class power.
• Ending Islamophobia requires dismantling the war-on-terror security state
• Enforced unveiling converts the veil into a symbol of anticolonial resistance
• Engineers from rural families dominated Islamist leadership of the 1970s-90s
• English attitudes treated Ottomans as equals before Orientalism’s emergence
• English empire turned literary anti-Muslim stereotypes into dominant colonization ideology
• English law enslaved non-Christians but spared Turks and Moors out of imperial caution
• English othering of Arabs began as othering of its own white poor and Scots
• Englishwomen earned equality claims by demonstrating superiority over colonized women
• Enlightened colonialism fused preparation, scholars-in-the-field, and a justifying rationale
• Enlightenment race theories spanned racist, neutral, and anti-racist positions
• Enlightenment race theory about Muslims required colonial dominance and liberal societies
• Enlightenment rationalists framed Muslims as intellectually incapable due to their religion.
• Enlightenment thinkers produced contradictory, instrumentally motivated views of Islam
• Enlightenment thought held contradictory views of Muhammad
• Enslaved West Africans were the first significant US Muslim population
• Entrapment nets recruit poor desperate men for fake plots
• Essentialist views framed Muslim-majority societies as static and the West as dynamic
• Establishment Muslim figures framed Islamophobia as mere misunderstanding, not racism tied to empire.
• Establishment Muslim leaders reframed Islamophobia as mere misunderstanding.
• Establishment think tank fellow asserted Muslims must execute apostate Obama
• Eurocentric racism often hides within democratic rhetoric and abstract claims rather than open bigotry
• Eurocentric racism operates through abstract, indirect, even democratic forms
• Europe achieved hegemony only through mercantile imperialism and capitalism, not inherent superiority
• Europe was a marginal global player before capitalism
• European concern about Muslim women long exceeded any actual stake in them
• European economic and cultural backwardness, not superiority, preceded its hegemony
• European economic control over Muslim states preceded and enabled direct colonization
• European empires colonized Muslim states through loans as well as invasion.
• European hegemony resulted from economic and imperial factors, not inherent Western superiority
• European hegemony resulted from mercantile capitalism, not inherent cultural superiority
• European multiculturalism backlash revitalized anti-Muslim racism as cultural racism
• European Orientalist scholars transplanted their paradigm to US universities as imperial power shifted
• European portraits of oppressed Muslim women projected fantasy without evidence or access.
• European portrayals of the harem projected fantasy rather than observed reality
• European science built directly on Muslim scholarship and Copernicus drew on Arabic sources
• European veil bans rest on cultural racism casting Islam as premodern
• European women’s travel writing both echoed and contested myths about Muslim women’s oppression
• Europeans once considered the Ottomans ethnically European
• Europeans recognized Ottomans as diplomatic equals, not colonial targets
• Europeans regarded Ottomans as equals before Orientalism’s hierarchy emerged
• Even anti-imperialist American travelers voiced racial contempt for Arabs
• Even anti-imperialist Mark Twain reproduced Orientalist stereotypes of Muslims.
• Even anti-racist Orientalists held fixed cultural essences for the racialized
• Even anti-racist scientists accepted fixed cultural essences of races
• Even anti-war activists adopted the white man’s burden framing once war began
• Even denial statements about Muslim threat can partially activate anti-Muslim assumptions
• Even exemplary good Muslims are simultaneously surveilled as suspects
• Even model pro-state Muslim collaborators remain permanent police suspects
• Even Muslims who cooperated with the FBI were placed under surveillance
• Even realist think tanks opposed the clash of civilizations narrative because al-Qaeda weaponized it.
• Even the most pro-Muslim Democratic response was a tepid rights defense, not anti-racism
• Every imperial power since the Enlightenment has invoked the white man’s burden
• Every US foreign-policy crisis spikes hate crimes against anyone perceived as Muslim
• Evidence contradicting Muslim-misogyny frames does not alter broadcast anchor conviction.
• Ex-Muslim identity functions as a profitable career asset in the Islamophobia industry.
• Ex-Muslim status with anti-Islam messaging is a profitable career strategy
• Exclusion is a distinct racialization process from exploitation and expropriation
• Exile intellectuals’ critiques transfer authority to right wrongs from affected societies to Western readers.
• Exiled critics’ human-rights accounts transfer remedial authority from affected societies to Western audiences
• Extremist claims get promoted because of rather than despite their absurdity
• Extremist Islamophobes are mainstreamed as law-enforcement educators and conference speakers
• Failed counterinsurgency forced Obama back to counterterrorism and drone warfare
• Failed Iraq and Afghan wars drove Obama toward a rebranded smarter war on terror
• Failed local mosque crusades created a reusable blueprint for national anti-Muslim campaigns
• Far-right and liberal racisms mutually reinforce each other on a spectrum
• FBI coerced Muslim community members into informing using fabricated threats
• FBI coerces Muslim community members to become informants under threat
• FBI informants exploit poverty and grief to entrap vulnerable men into fake plots
• FBI informants fabricated and drove the entire Newburgh terror plot
• FBI informants manufactured terror plots targeting marginalized Muslim converts
• FBI informants manufactured terror plots that would not otherwise have occurred
• FBI informants originate the terror plots they then expose and prosecute
• FBI surveillance of Muslims and South Asians remains largely undisclosed
• FBI training materials drew on Islamophobic propaganda until Obama reviews
• Fear and anxiety about Muslims coexisted with equal diplomatic standing before imperialism
• Fear mongering is the key mechanism that sustains vast imperial infrastructure
• Fear of an internal enemy is manufactured to secure consent for empire
• Fear of reprisal against Christians abroad softened Portugal’s treatment of Muslims
• Fear of retaliation tempered Portugal’s expulsion of Muslims compared to Jews.
• Fear of Soviet alignment drove early US pressures on Muslim-majority nationalists
• Federal agents entrapped Muslims and punished even charitable donations as terror support
• Feminist group’s mere office-sharing triggered the smear branding Almontaser a jihadist
• Feminist suffragists adopted Turkish trousers as a practical dress reform
• Fewer than one in a million Western Muslims per year turned to political violence
• Fictional TV portrayals of Islam shaped actual US and UK counterterrorism programs.
• FOIA litigation is required to document state surveillance.
• For eleven centuries Shi’ite consensus held that clergy should not rule the state
• For four centuries Europe knew virtually nothing of Islam as religion.
• For one prominent pundit, Muslim violence is inherent, not a stress response
• Forced unveiling campaigns backfire by driving women to adopt the veil
• Forced unveiling in colonial Algeria backfired by politicizing the veil
• Foreign policy elites across camps share the aim of US hegemony
• Foreign wars drive domestic racialization of perceived enemy populations
• Foreign wars redraw internal racial borders that target domestic civilians of enemy descent
• Formal independence from Britain masked continued imperial control of Arab states
• Former CIA directors shared conference stages with anti-Muslim extremists
• Foundations and state built area studies to serve Cold War empire
• Four distinct constituencies coalesced into one anti-Muslim coalition
• Four interconnected groups jointly project the Muslim-enemy image
• Four years of isolation broke Hashmi into accepting a guilty plea
• Framing Islamism as European-rooted ideology shields liberals from racism charges
• Framing Muslim conservatism as linked to global fundamentalism empowered a marginal Canadian group
• Framing victims as white supremacists won the Ground Zero Mosque battle despite Muslim deaths
• France’s 1958 forced unveiling drove Algerian women to adopt the veil as protest
• Franklin Graham defines Islam as advocating wife-beating and child murder
• Free speech defenses of racist cartoons mask ‘entitlement racism’
• Free speech framing converts anti-Muslim cartoon racism into a covert liberal form
• Free-speech defenses of the cartoons masked prior anti-immigrant editorializing.
• French colonial scholarship displaced Egyptians’ own self-understanding
• French establishment shifted from denouncing to embracing the Muhammad cartoons by 2020
• French unveiling campaigns aimed to demoralize Algerian men, not liberate women
• French unveiling campaigns functioned as gendered warfare to demoralize Algerian men.
• Full anti-Muslim racism required both Enlightenment freedom ideology and European military dominance
• Full-blown anti-Muslim racism required free-society ideology plus military dominance
• Generalizing from a few examples to 1.5 billion Muslims is the core of bigotry
• Geopolitical and economic utility, not religion, drove discrimination against Muslims
• Geopolitical caution spared Turks and Moors from chattel enslavement in colonial law
• Geopolitical leverage and economic value delayed Muslim persecution in Spain.
• Geopolitical leverage, not religion, drove Spain’s differential treatment of Jews and Muslims
• Geopolitical ties to Muslim states shielded Spanish Muslims from Jews’ harsher treatment.
• Geopolitical weakness toward the Ottoman Empire spared Turks and Moors from enslavement
• Gingrich reframed the center as comparable to Nazi and Japanese memorials
• Global Muslim practice is internally diverse across sects and regions.
• Global protest movements of 2011 coordinated through shared tactics against the 1 percent
• Good and bad Muslim designations follow support for US empire
• Good and bad Muslim labels encode imperial hierarchy and shift easily
• Government informants originated the terrorist plans used to convict defendants
• Government informants originated the violent plots used to convict defendants
• Grassroots activism linked racial profiling with police repression across groups
• Grassroots coalitions connected NYPD Muslim profiling to black, Latino, and anti-capitalist repression.
• Grassroots counter-mobilization partially defeated the Islamophobia network in the mosque fight
• Grassroots progressive protest can pressure politicians to disavow Islamophobic acts
• Guilt by the thinnest association sufficed to brand an educator a jihadist.
• Gulf oil monarchy security, not democracy, drives US Mideast policy
• Hamas formed in 1987 when the first Intifada forced the quietist-confrontationist split
• Harboring a guest carrying rain gear was prosecuted as terror material support
• Hate crimes spike against anyone who appears Muslim after every crisis
• Hegel scripted Islam as a superseded phase in world history.
• Hegel’s philosophy consigned Islam to historical irrelevance after its early contribution
• Hegemony does not turn definer inputs into predictable outputs
• Herder ranked Arabs as permanently stalled at a middle degree of civilization
• Hijab bans increase discrimination rather than liberating Muslim women
• Hitchens’ selective atheist critique of religion legitimated US war policies
• Homegrown terrorism hysteria enabled far-right Islamophobes to seize the national debate.
• Homegrown terrorism panic let Obama continue Bush-era war policies
• Homegrown-terror hysteria in liberal media enabled the Ground Zero mosque campaign
• Homo islamicus as a separate human type emerged only in the nineteenth century
• Homo islamicus emerged from Enlightenment racial typologies hardened by eugenics-era essentialism
• Homo islamicus named a fixed Muslim essence readable from texts alone
• Human rights advocates legitimized progressive-sounding counterinsurgency warfare
• Human rights and democracy discourse replaced older imperial justifications for war
• Human rights rhetoric masks imperial assumptions that racialize colonized peoples
• Human-rights discourse has replaced civilizational rhetoric as war’s legitimation
• Human-rights rhetoric functions as core neoconservative propaganda, not liberal exclusivity
• Humanitarian rhetoric masks a bipartisan assumption that developing peoples cannot govern themselves.
• Huntington deemed Islam itself, not fundamentalism, the underlying problem
• Iberian blood-purity laws served a political project of class elevation and exclusion
• Ideology works by taking certain frames for granted so alternatives stay unthinkable
• IMF liberalization policies created the educated but economically marginalized youth who fueled Islamism
• Imperial alignment outweighs democratic conduct in US labeling of leaders
• Imperial branding shifted from white masculinity to multiracial feminist inclusion to deflect racism charges
• Imperial conceptions that tag homelands as al-Qaeda territory produce shared persecution
• Imperial ethnocratic racism spanned the pre-Trump bipartisan consensus
• Imperial expansion is legitimized as defensive and sustained by manufactured fear.
• Imperial feminism framed Muslim women as needing rescue by a liberal West
• Imperial feminism frames saving Muslim women as the West’s civilizing mission
• Imperial feminism justifies conquest without improving colonized women’s conditions
• Imperial feminism weaponizes women’s rights rhetoric to justify colonial rule without improving women’s conditions
• Imperial powers recruit gay acceptance to cast Muslims as civilizational others
• Imperial racism explained away failure to democratize colonies
• Imperial racism subordinates even allied Muslims to imperial power
• Imperial violence is projected onto Muslims to appear proportionate
• Imperialist statesmen openly asserted that Easterners never showed self-government.
• Inclusion politics masks empire from charges of racism
• Indian ruler Akbar advocated reason while Europe burned Bruno for the same stance
• Industrial capitalism rewarded market skill over family status in England
• Informants may be dispatched to target critics of US policy
• Institutional Orientalism rests on four interlocking civilizational assumptions about stagnant Eastern societies
• Institutional Orientalism, not all Orientalist scholarship, served colonial power
• Iran’s 1979 revolution redirected US fear from secular nationalism to Islamism
• Iran’s 1979 revolution shifted the frame from Arabs to Islamism
• Iran’s 1979 revolutionary councils out-represented the US two-party system
• Iran’s nuclear ambitions are rational given its security environment
• Iran’s nuclear ambitions are rational proliferation in a nuclear neighborhood
• Iranian Americans have been flexibly positioned inside and outside whiteness
• Iranian workers powered the 1979 revolution yet lost power to Khomeini
• Iranian workers, especially oil workers, powered the 1979 revolution but did not win power
• Iraq and Afghanistan wars aimed at Middle East oil dominance over rivals
• Iraq sanctions killed over a million ordinary Iraqis, not the regime
• Iraqi resistance forced US strategy from conquest to counterinsurgency hearts-and-minds tactics
• Islam adapted flexibly to diverse societies, like Christianity did.
• Islam became the convenient enemy to mobilize Europe’s territorial ambitions
• Islam has practiced de facto separation of religion and politics since the eighth century
• Islam has varied regionally and adapted to historical transformations.
• Islam never separated religion from other compartments of life
• Islam organizations were US allies before the 1979 Iranian Revolution
• Islam proved compatible with every major polity and economic form in history.
• Islam served neocons as a substitute Cold War enemy when the USSR collapsed
• Islam shifted to the center of anti-terrorism discourse by 1984
• Islam threatened Christianity because it mounted a rival revelatory claim
• Islam was not formally criminalized in colonial America
• Islam-as-violence framing migrated from the right into mainstream liberal media
• Islam’s demonization varied with its military threat to Christendom
• Islam’s early fusion of religion and politics was not unique among world religions
• Islam’s geographic and demographic spread defies any single cultural or political essence
• Islam’s historical adaptability across polities refutes inherent-essence claims
• Islam’s historical survival required it to be endlessly adaptable and reinterpretable
• Islam’s internal practice varies by region, branch, and historical era
• Islam’s merged religion-politics absolutism raises friction with all other civilizations
• Islam’s misogynistic practices were inherited from conquered Christian and Jewish society
• Islam’s prophetic-sacred and political-legal dimensions split at Muhammad’s death
• Islamic empires established libraries that preserved and built on Greek science.
• Islamic empires hosted radical rationalist critique including questioning the Quran.
• Islamic empires hosted rationalist thinkers who questioned even the Quran
• Islamic empires hosted thriving traditions of rationalist and skeptical thought
• Islamic misogyny largely inherited Byzantine Christian and Jewish customs through conquest
• Islamism rose from secular nationalist failure, left weakness, and economic crises
• Islamism’s contradictions stem from the class base of its petty bourgeois cadres.
• Islamist groups are labeled allies or terrorists based on US interests
• Islamist groups are locally shaped and resist homogenizing categorization
• Islamist groups arise from local conditions, not from anti-American plots
• Islamist groups differ by national context despite monolithic labeling
• Islamist groups were judged purely by their utility to US oil and business interests
• Islamist movements achieved decisive electoral and geopolitical victories around 1991
• Islamist movements draw recruits from specific oppressed classes, not a monolithic bloc
• Islamist movements were politically marginal for the first century and a half
• Islamists are strong advocates of capitalism despite anticapitalist rhetoric
• Islamists dominated Muslim opposition because liberal and leftist alternatives had collapsed
• Islamists exploited a transport problem to coerce women into wearing the veil
• Islamophilia essentializes Muslims just as Islamophobia does.
• Islamophobes are inside the establishment, not outside it
• Islamophobia as a term originally means unfounded hostility toward Islam, not structural racism.
• Islamophobia fixates a reified Muslim type despite race’s dynamic nature.
• Islamophobia is political rather than religious and must be fought politically
• Islamophobia is produced by an interconnected network of institutional spheres, not isolated actors
• Islamophobia is structural racism rooted in empire, not religious intolerance
• Islamophobia network figures are integrated into the US establishment, not marginal extremists.
• Islamophobia networks are structurally integral to US empire
• Islamophobia responds to political organizing, not just interfaith education.
• Islamophobia spans liberal and conservative mainstreams, not just the fringe right
• Islamophobia spans the political spectrum and is embedded in empire’s infrastructure
• Islamophobia warriors are integral to the establishment, not fringe aberrations
• Islamophobic ideology selectively attributes violence to religion only in the Muslim case.
• Islamophobic myths rest on distorted readings that have become unquestioned common sense.
• Islamophobic projects span weak states, hegemons, and European far-right parties alike
• Islamophobic propaganda about mosques seeded hearings and counterterror surveilling of Muslim communities
• Islamophobic propaganda moves right-wing to mainstream to center
• Islamophobic warriors are embedded in the US establishment, not outsiders
• Islamophobic warriors are establishment insiders who legitimize overt racism, like McCarthy did
• Isolation and procedural stacking pressured Hashmi into a guilty plea
• Israel licensed Hamas’s predecessor because Islamists opposed the secular left
• Israel licensed Islamist Hamas precursors to weaken the Palestinian left
• Israel licensed Islamist organizations in the late 1970s to weaken the Palestinian left
• Israel’s strategy of fragmenting Arab states dates to 1980s Likud thinking.
• Israeli anti-terrorism conferences framed Palestinian resistance as Nazi-like terrorism
• Israeli religious-right parties escalated dehumanizing anti-Arab rhetoric in the 1980s.
• Israeli-organized conferences shaped the racialized terrorism narrative
• Jewish Americans mostly reject that Muslims sympathize with al-Qaeda.
• Jewish identity does not automatically produce hard-right Likud-style politics.
• Jihadi terrorism killed only 107 Americans from 2001 to 2020.
• Jihadi terrorism kills far fewer Americans than gun deaths or the war on terror
• Karzai framed the Mother of All Bombs as weapons testing on Afghanistan
• Knowledge about the colonized became central to conquest only with Napoleon’s 1798 invasion
• Krauthammer’s 1990 essay articulated the unipolar-post-Cold-War doctrine
• Labeling anti-Muslim groups fringe obscures their integration into imperial infrastructure
• Land-hungry settlers drove Anglo-Americans to provoke the Seven Years’ War
• Late-1960s empire crisis birthed black criminal and brown terrorist jointly
• Late-nineteenth-century Darwinian race science underpinned homo islamicus typologies
• Law enforcement agencies operationalize the ideology that Islam is inherently violent
• Legal whiteness construction created the Middle East category by separating Syrians from Asia
• Legalized anti-Arab persecution began institutionally in the early 1970s
• Lengthy isolation pretrial drove a terror suspect to plead guilty
• Lerner claimed modern people possess psychological empathy that traditional people lack
• Letting Hamas govern would expose its limits and open space for a secular left.
• Lewis and Huntington argued Islam itself, not fundamentalism, underlies the West’s problem
• Lewis and Huntington originated the thesis that Islam never separated religion from politics
• Lewis and Zakaria scripted two variants of the same imperial interventionism
• LGBTQ inclusion served imperial racial othering of Muslims
• Liberal and conservative Islamophobia jointly enable far-right conspiracy theories
• Liberal anti-clash rhetoric remains imperial racism assuming US stewardship of Muslim societies
• Liberal anti-racist rhetoric licenses and amplifies far-right conspiracy theories.
• Liberal containment of Islamophobia serves counterinsurgency strategy, not tolerance
• Liberal criticism of overt anti-Muslim hearings masks liberalism’s own racializing policies
• Liberal defenses of Muslims feed rather than block right-wing conspiracy theories
• Liberal defenses of Muslims framed Islamophobia as intolerance, not empire-linked racism
• Liberal hegemonic soft power rhetoric masked imperial ethnocentric racism.
• Liberal homegrown-terror hysteria amplified right-wing Islamophobia
• Liberal human-rights rhetoric racializes by infantilizing those it claims to help
• Liberal humanitarian rhetoric masks imperial violence and infantilizes its targets
• Liberal imperialism softened its racism by putting women at the helm.
• Liberal imperialists and neocons both frame Islamism as the new totalitarianism requiring Western expungement
• Liberal inclusion of ‘good Muslims’ requires acquiescence to American empire
• Liberal inclusion of good Muslims is conditional on embracing empire
• Liberal inclusion of Muslims is conditional on their consent to the war on terror
• Liberal Islamophobia and right-wing racism are interchangeable imperial instruments
• Liberal Islamophobia includes Muslims only on imperial terms
• Liberal Islamophobia is racist and imperialist despite its gentler rhetoric
• Liberal Islamophobia recruits Muslims into an informant system in exchange for inclusion.
• Liberal Islamophobia rejects blatant rhetoric while instituting the same Muslim racialization policies
• Liberal Islamophobia rejects clash rhetoric yet retains imperial paternalism toward Muslims
• Liberal Islamophobia rejects Islam-bashing while enacting policies that target Muslims
• Liberal Islamophobia under Obama worsened conditions for Muslims at home and abroad
• Liberal multicultural representation can mask ongoing racially exclusionary imperial policy
• Liberal multicultural TV can legitimate the security state as much as overtly racist shows
• Liberal Muslim-American leaders were co-opted into rebranding imperial policy
• Liberal opposition to Islamophobia masks complicity in state targeting of Muslims.
• Liberal rejection of open Islamophobia masks the same racializing policies
• Liberal reports falsely frame Islamophobia as fringe religious intolerance, not mainstream racism
• Liberal responses to the Ground Zero Mosque controversy tacitly endorsed collective Muslim blame
• Liberal retreat in the Cordoba House fight doubled the right-wing anti-Muslim base
• Liberal rhetoric can mask imperial racism as benevolence
• Liberal rights discourse has historically been used to justify imperial domination and war.
• Liberal rights discourse has historically justified rather than opposed empire
• Liberal security hysteria functionally powered the right-wing mosque campaign’s success
• Liberal security politics amplified right-wing Islamophobia against the NYC Islamic center
• Liberal security politics amplified right-wing Islamophobia’s reach and power
• Liberal societies displace their imperial violence onto Muslims’ supposed inherent nature.
• Liberal-modernization racism blamed Arab political culture for autocracy while US elites backed dictators
• Liberal-reformist Islamophobia remains imperial racism cloaked in benevolence
• Lighter-skinned Syrian immigrants found easier acceptance in early 1900s America
• Likud strategists sought to weaken Arab states to destroy Palestinian support
• Local politicians initially defended the Cordoba House center against right-wing attack.
• Lord Cromer championed Egyptian women’s rights while opposing British suffrage.
• Luther considered the Vatican a greater enemy than Islam
• Mainstream anti-Islamophobia defense framed bias as cultural misunderstanding, not racism
• Mainstream defenses of religious freedom masked the racism and imperial logic behind Islamophobia
• Mainstream imperial think tank fellows legitimately published claims that Muslims must kill apostate converts
• Mainstream media gave Islamophobic commentators hundreds of appearances with minimal scrutiny.
• Majority of Americans opposed the Cordoba House project
• Manufactured arrests are staged as media spectacles
• Manufacturing Muslim enemies serves U.S. state formation and empire.
• Mark Twain, an anti-imperialist, still voiced racial contempt for Arabs
• Mass counterprotest defeated the Right and secured a Manhattan mosque against the Islamophobia network.
• Mass Muslim-led labor strikes forced courts to block the ban.
• Mass progressive mobilization defeated the Islamophobia network in the Ground Zero Mosque fight
• Mass protest can move US majorities toward anti-racist structural politics.
• Mass state surveillance laws target white citizens and Muslims with unequal public scrutiny
• Mass struggles can move racialized working-class majorities leftward
• Mass surveillance of whites provoked outrage that surveillance of Muslims did not
• Massive progressive protest forced mainstream media to air dissenting voices and defeated the Right.
• Massive street mobilization defeated anti-mosque forces and won mainstream access
• Material imperial domination, not ideology, created the racialized terrorist threat.
• Material support laws also enabled FBI targeting of non-Muslim anti-war activists.
• Material support laws criminalize peace activism by non-Muslim leftists
• Material support laws target non-Muslim anti-war activists, not only Muslims
• Material support statutes criminalize expressing an ideology, not committing violence
• Material-support law criminalizes religious charity implicated in Palestinian solidarity
• Max Boot identifies support for Israel as a core tenet of neoconservatism.
• Maximum-pressure sanctions contracted Iran’s economy by 4.8 and 9.5 percent in 2018-2019
• McCarthy-style anti-Muslim warriors emerge from within the establishment, not outside it
• McCarthyism and Islamophobia were systematic products of state power, not outsized individuals
• Media channels reward native-informant Muslims who reproduce imperial Islamophobia
• Media commentators framed Muslim soldiers as programmed by religion, ignoring war-complicity motives.
• Media coverage of Afghan women spiked eighteenfold only once it served war aims
• Media coverage of mass surveillance depended on who was surveilled
• Media coverage of Muslim arrests shifted citizens into the enemy category
• Media distortion plus ADL pressure forced Almontaser’s resignation when Bloomberg caved.
• Media framed a humanitarian’s conviction as a web of terror uncovered.
• Media frames tied Islam to gendered violence to justify imperial intervention
• Mediated images of the Holy Land confirmed Christian superiority to Americans
• Mediated images of the Holy Land reinforced Christian supremacy beliefs
• Medieval anti-Muslim prejudice was protoracism, not full modern racism
• Medieval Christian Crusaders were more brutal than Saladin, who spared defeated enemies.
• Medieval Christians used Islam’s marital norms to claim moral superiority
• Medieval elites first linked Islam and Muhammad to violence and sexual deviance
• Mehmet Ali was the first non-Western ruler to grasp the Industrial Revolution’s significance
• MEMRI selectively translates Middle East media to support Zionist positions.
• MEMRI was founded by neocons to selectively translate Middle East media negatively
• Mercantile empires differed from tributary empires in being seaborne and merchant-linked.
• Mercantile empires fused monarchs and merchants in armed trade monopolies
• Middle East area studies served US government needs until 1970s liberation struggles spurred critique.
• Middle East oil control drives virtually every US regional intervention
• Middle Eastern and South Asian Muslims’ upper-middle-class position drives their assimilationist religiosity-over-racism framing
• Moderate states reproduce the same anti-Muslim racism as far-right ones
• Moderate-sounding exiled writers gain media access and reinforce anti-Muslim racism
• Moderate-sounding native-born critics of their own countries reinforce imperial racism
• Modern anti-Muslim racism needs both colonial domination and liberal freedom.
• Modern anti-Muslim racism required both colonial domination and liberal societies professing equality
• Modern anti-Muslim racism required both rights-based societies and imperial domination
• Modern racism against Muslims required European military supremacy over Muslim empires
• Modern scientific racism emerged out of Enlightenment taxonomy of human subspecies
• Modernity spans 1500 overseas expansion to the rise of industrial capitalism
• Modernization theory attributed underdevelopment to internal cultural deficits in the colonized
• Modernization theory framed imperial intervention as benevolent external uplift
• Modernization theory justified empire by framing other societies as needing outside intervention
• Modernization theory located blockage to progress inside non-Western societies
• Modernization theory masked empire despite claiming objective social science
• Modernization theory pathologized Middle Eastern people as lacking empathy
• Modernization theory pathologized non-Western societies as internally deficient
• Modernization theory pathologized resistance to Western influence as laggard traditionalism, not rational choice
• Modernization theory repackaged Orientalist racism in social-science guise
• Modernizing reforms created the secular middle class that displaced the ulama
• Monolithic framing lets Islamophobes claim predictive knowledge of all Muslims
• Montesquieu’s climate theory of Oriental despotism still shapes Western views today
• Montesquieu’s discredited climate theory birthed the enduring myth that Eastern peoples suit dictatorship
• Moral panics about racialized criminals resolve economic crises via law-and-order solutions
• Most Arab and South Asian American Muslims are upper-middle class, shaping their politics
• Muhammad Ali’s secular schools created a new colonial intellectual class
• Muhammad’s mission was partly driven by economic and commercial motives
• Musical subcultures articulated resistance to war on terror policies
• Muslim ‘native informants’ authenticate the frame of an inherently violent Islam
• Muslim American confidence in Obama fell during his first term
• Muslim Americans voted overwhelmingly for Obama yet gained no relief
• Muslim Brotherhood rejected Western constitutional models for Quranic governance
• Muslim empires separated religious from political authority from their start.
• Muslim immigrants are detained for minor immigration violations that normally escape detention
• Muslim inclusion within empire does not dent racism, so anti-prejudice remedies fail
• Muslim monarchs initiated Western-style modernization to defend against colonialism
• Muslim radicalization discourse was built to serve counterterrorist policy, not to explain terrorism.
• Muslim scholars’ work paved the way for the European Renaissance.
• Muslim societies’ traits were all explained by recourse to religious texts
• Muslim Spain exemplified relative interfaith coexistence through convivencia.
• Muslim women veil for varied personal-political reasons silenced by rescue discourse
• Muslim-majority populations grew nearly 50 percent between 1955 and 1970
• Muslim-ruled al-Andalus flourished while Christian Europe stagnated.
• Muslims are framed as terrorists in cases only about immigration violations
• Muslims are presumed guilty until proven innocent in US enforcement
• Muslims are racialized by reframing their religion as a violent ideology.
• Muslims escaped full persecution in Spain through economic utility and Ottoman diplomatic leverage
• Muslims had ‘contempt towards the gospel,’ as Smith said in 1835, drawing on his experience in Turkey. Starbuck concluded in 1892, ‘Christendom and Mohammedanism have been misled by no false…
• Muslims were constituted as an inferior race via the figure of Homo islamicus.
• Muslims were constructed as equals only while their empires could not be dominated
• Muslims were viewed as inferior when Muslim states were weak, not when strong
• Muslims’ perceived inferiority in Spain tracked the geopolitical power of Muslim states
• Napoleon co-opted Islam to win over Egyptians rather than demonizing it
• Napoleon exploited praise for Islam rather than its demonization to colonize Egypt.
• Napoleon inaugurated the systematic use of scholarship for empire
• Napoleon institutionalized Orientalist consultation as standing colonial policy
• Napoleon institutionalized Orientalists and co-opted religious leaders into colonial administration
• Napoleon justified invading Egypt by claiming to defend Islam from the Mamluks
• Napoleon praised Islam instrumentally while Cromer later demonized it
• Napoleon won Egyptian cooperation by praising Islam, not disparaging it
• Napoleon’s 1798 Egypt invasion made scholarly knowledge central to colonization
• Napoleon’s 1798 invasion inaugurated the systematic use of scholarly knowledge to serve empire
• Napoleon’s 1798 invasion made scholarly knowledge central to colonial conquest
• Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt inaugurated knowledge-production as an imperial instrument
• Napoleon’s Egyptian conquest modeled the civilizing mission on scholarship, preparation, and justification
• Napoleon’s expedition deliberately taught Egyptians imperial ambition
• Napoleon’s failed Egyptian invasion modeled scholarly exploitation for later empires
• Napoleon’s geographers aimed to instill an active imperial sense in Egyptians
• Napoleon’s pro-Islam propaganda successfully won Cairo to French rule
• Nasser was targeted because pan-Arab unity threatened oil control
• Nasser’s Arab socialism actively suppressed the Muslim Brotherhood and clerical power
• National security exceptions legally override anti-discrimination protections for Muslims
• National security law legally overrides protections against racial profiling of Muslims
• Native collaborators reproduced colonial arguments against their own societies
• Native informant accounts reduce every Muslim violence to Islam itself.
• Native informants shaped US strategy in government-organized conferences
• Native informer accounts mechanically attribute all Muslim violence to Islam itself
• Native informer tell-alls reduce all Muslim violence to Islam itself
• Native male collaborators such as Qasim Amin reproduced colonial stereotypes of Islam
• Native-informant Muslim figures preemptively delegitimize Muslim criticism of US policy
• Nearly three-quarters of US terrorism convictions relied on perceived ideology, not criminal acts
• Neocon anti-Islamist rhetoric supplied ideological cover for Breivik’s massacre
• Neocon institutions recruited even a disgraced exile as an Islam-critical voice
• Neocon smear campaigns have inspired copycat violence by figures like Breivik
• Neocon Zionism stems from imperial politics, not Jewish ethnic identity.
• Neocons and Israel, not the whole establishment, first pushed Islamism as the new enemy
• Neocons and liberal interventionists differ mainly on multilateralism, not goals
• Neocons and liberal interventionists differ only in tactics, not imperial aims
• Neocons and liberal interventionists differ only over international institutions
• Neocons and Likud rejected Oslo even though the accords heavily favored Israel.
• Neocons are integrated across realist and liberal think tanks, not a separate bloc
• Neocons deliberately campaign to shape public opinion for imperial wars
• Neocons deliberately leveraged academic Orientalist authority to sanction their wars
• Neocons framed land-for-peace diplomacy as strategic retreat toward Arab destruction
• Neocons in 1996 advised Netanyahu to destabilize and overthrow Arab governments.
• Neocons needed Islam as a unifying substitute for the USSR enemy
• Neocons opposed the Oslo Accords as a unilateral Israeli retreat to hostile Arabs.
• Neocons opposed the Oslo Accords as an Israeli surrender
• Neocons paired intellectual propagandists with campus activists to police critical thought.
• Neocons partnered with Likud to frame the terrorist as a civilizational threat
• Neocons recruit Muslim ‘native informers’ to delegitimize Muslim criticism of US policy
• Neocons recruit non-Western voices to delegitimize Muslim critiques of US policy
• Neocons rejected Oslo as too conciliatory toward Palestinians
• Neocons replaced the Soviet enemy with an Islamic civilizational threat
• Neocons treated land-for-peace as unilateral Israeli surrender to Arab destruction
• Neocons urged Israel to destabilize Arab states to defeat the Palestinian cause
• Neocons valued regional destabilization for its own sake, not democratic ends
• Neocons weaponize native informers to silence criticism of US policy
• Neoconservatism is defined by exceptionalism plus unipolar military preponderance as universal good
• Neoconservatism is defined by unipolarism and military preponderance
• Neoconservatism originated as a 1970s left-to-right defection over Vietnam and anti-war liberalism
• Neoconservative empire-building ideas were publicly ridiculed in 1992
• Neoconservative Middle East think tanks advance pro-Israel agendas in US policy
• Neoconservatives anticipated needing a catastrophic event to justify Gulf war plans
• Neoconservatives believe only overwhelming American military dominance prevents great power war
• Neoconservatives campaigned to replace the Soviet enemy with Islamism
• Neoconservatives had deliberately awaited a catastrophic event to realize their imperial vision
• Neoconservatives justified permanent American hegemony as a defense against US weakness
• Neoconservatives paired with Israel’s Likud to frame the terrorist as an enemy of civilization
• Neoliberalism replaced modernization as the Clinton-era imperial model
• New atheist critiques of religion functioned as liberal cover for imperial war policy
• New atheist writers adopted the rhetoric of right-wing racists like Wilders
• New Atheists transformed into strident Islamophobes indistinguishable from racists
• New McCarthyites are integrated into the foreign policy and security establishment, not aberrations
• News anchors override factual rebuttals to enforce the Islam-is-misogynist frame
• NGOs function as imperial weapons in feminist guise in the Afghan war
• Nineteenth-century Europe traded Enlightenment universalism for imperialist superiority
• Nineteenth-century European imperialism often worked through debt rather than direct rule
• Nineteenth-century racial theorist Renan attributed Islamic science to Aryans, not Arabs.
• Nineteenth-century theory defined every civilization in relation to a singular Western ideal
• No radicalization model profiles white Christians, revealing the model’s racial double standard
• No-fly list grew tenfold to 47,000 people in the Obama era
• Non-Muslim Middle Eastern voices like Brigitte Gabriel legitimize anti-Muslim racism
• Non-Muslim Middle Eastern voices like Brigitte Gabriel legitimize the Islamophobia network
• NSC 68 mandated total mobilization of media and intellect for national defense
• NSC 68 redesigned total society including welfare cuts and propaganda for defense
• NSC 68 subordinated every aspect of American life to national defense
• NSEERS registered eighty-three thousand immigrants but produced zero terrorism convictions
• NSEERS registration produced deportations but zero terrorism convictions
• NSEERS registration required men from twenty-five countries including North Korea
• NSEERS targeted 83,000 immigrants yet produced zero terrorism convictions
• NYPD’s radicalization model makes Muslim identity itself a predictor of terrorism
• Obama backed Arab Spring rhetorically while funding the Egyptian military’s counterrevolution.
• Obama condemned Quran burning only as a security threat, not as bigotry
• Obama continued and expanded Bush’s imperial wars despite softer rhetoric
• Obama expanded Bush-era indefinite detention and execution powers to US citizens
• Obama extended and codified Bush’s counterterrorism powers over US citizens
• Obama framed even anti-Islamic acts in national-security terms rather than religious freedom.
• Obama legitimated anti-Muslim sentiment by emphasizing his Christianity rather than rebutting it.
• Obama legitimized and expanded the war on terror, not reversed it
• Obama pursued US hegemony through air power, drones, and multilateral alliances, not ground wars.
• Obama revived the al-Qaeda threat despite its near-extinction to salvage failing counterinsurgency
• Obama rhetorically embraced the Arab Spring while funding its counterrevolutionaries
• Obama used multilateralism as a means of subordinating rivals under US-led order
• Obama-era counterterrorism propaganda used multicultural imagery to mask imperial policy
• Obama-era policy reports rejected clash-of-civilizations thinking for liberal imperialism
• Obama’s Cairo speech repackaged rather than abandoned the imperial frame
• Obama’s Cairo speech was a calculated image-repair maneuver, not philosophy
• Obama’s counter-radicalization strategy deputized citizens to surveil their own communities
• Obama’s counter-radicalization strategy deputized ordinary citizens as informants
• Obama’s counter-radicalization strategy deputized teachers and community members as informants
• Obama’s counter-radicalization strategy turned Muslim communities into informants
• Obama’s defense guidance continued the War on Terror via drones and special forces
• Obama’s defense guidance explicitly continued the war on terror after bin Laden
• Obama’s defense strategy pivoted to containing China and Iran through regional allies
• Obama’s election rebranded rather than ended American imperial policy
• Obama’s inaugural staff retained Bush hawks while launching new wars
• Obama’s liberal-rhetoric foreign policy continued Bush-era imperial military operations.
• Obama’s liberalism and right-wing Muslim-baiting both served US imperial hegemony
• Obama’s multilateral realism was a continuity of Bush-era imperial strategy
• Obama’s realist framing masked a continuation of Bush-era imperial warfare
• Obama’s rebranded war on terror kept drone and special-forces targeting against Muslims
• Objecting to racist speech got reframed as cowardice lacking character.
• Officers trained in genocidal anti-Muslim doctrine advanced into senior military posts.
• Official counterterrorism policy creates the terrain from which far-right Islamophobia grows
• Official green-scare policy creates the terrain on which far-right conspiracy theories grow
• One lawyer’s fabricated report seeded two hundred anti-Sharia bills across states.
• Only a small subset of Saudi Wahhabis are jihadi extremists
• Only Muslim violence is read as caused by the perpetrators’ religion
• Only overwhelming US military preponderance prevents great power war, neocons held
• Only post-Cold War unipolarity let US elites openly embrace empire language
• Operation Boulder redeployed COINTELPRO counterinsurgency methods to racialize Arab Americans
• Oppressed groups internalize dominant categories and police their own members to gain acceptance
• Orchestrated talking points transformed Cordoba House into an invasion symbol
• Ordinary immigration violations are routinely relabeled as terrorism charges
• Ordinary immigration violations were repeatedly framed as terrorism with no proof
• Orientalism depicts MENA people as static and essentially religious despite modernity
• Orientalism expanded from scholarly practice to signify imperialist ideology
• Orientalism first targeted England’s own aristocracy and poor before external targets
• Orientalism was first applied internally to Europe’s own poor and aristocracy
• Orientalism was internally divided rather than a monolithic colonial tool
• Orientalism’s decline thesis attributes Muslim stagnation to an immutable inner essence
• Orientalism’s meaning shifted after post-war deconolization critiques
• Orientalist art eroticized dying women to make violence consumable
• Orientalist binaries made imperial intervention in Muslim societies seem morally obligatory.
• Orientalist binaries were first aimed at Europe’s own poor and aristocracy.
• Orientalist binaries were first turned internally on domestic class enemies before external targets
• Orientalist cultural borrowing mixed admiration with denigration, not pure contempt
• Orientalist decline theories explain Muslim failure via a fixed inner flaw
• Orientalist denial of Arab democratic capacity persisted through and beyond the 2011 Arab Spring
• Orientalist essentialism painted Muslim societies as timelessly stagnant.
• Orientalist ideas can circulate without imperial power structures
• Orientalist ideology preceded material anti-Muslim oppression until post-WWII empire enabled it.
• Orientalist othering was first deployed against internal British targets before empire.
• Orientalist painters favored fair-skinned Circassian women as idealized subjects
• Orientalist painters invented imagery of Eastern despotism they never witnessed
• Orientalist painting coded class through skin color during European slavery debates
• Orientalist paintings fused titillation with disgust to justify Western rescue missions
• Orientalist paintings mapped skin color onto class position within the harem
• Orientalist paintings of enslaved fair-skinned women justified Western rescue missions
• Orientalist racial hierarchy of Muslims required European military superiority to arise
• Orientalist scholars supplied the transhistorical ‘Islamic terrorism’ narrative at the 1984 conference
• Orientalist scholarship includes anti-imperialist activists, not only empire-serving scholars
• Orientalist scholarship varied internally but shared the racial category
• Orientalist scholarship was internally diverse and historically contingent, not monolithic
• Orientalist scholarship was internally divided between empire servants and anti-colonial critics
• Orientalist scholarship was overwhelmingly dominated by Western scholars into the 1920s
• Orientalist slavery paintings featured sympathetic fair-skinned female slaves
• Orientalists claimed textual reading revealed the fixed essence of Muslims
• Orientalists fabricated a transhistoric Islamic terrorism narrative from cherry-picked cases
• Oslo required Arafat to abandon Palestinian rights on Jerusalem, refugees, and sovereignty.
• Ottoman society was relatively tolerant toward Jews and Christians
• Ottomans were seen as a political threat rather than a religious one
• Overt hate rhetoric becomes normalized once elite mainstream figures amplify it
• Palestinian Islamists were accused by nationalists and leftists of serving Israeli occupation
• Pamela Geller manufactured the mosque controversy after the community board approved it.
• Pan-Arab anticolonial unity prompted CIA support for the Muslim Brotherhood
• Perceived association with Ottoman power tempered European contempt for moriscos
• Perceived natural inferiority arises only after actual oppression.
• Perceived Ottoman power positioned moriscos between inferiority and superiority
• Personnel rotation across military, academic, and think-tank spheres sustains the Islamophobia industry
• Personnel rotation across military, political, academic, and corporate spheres sustains empire
• Personnel rotation between military, security, and policy realms sustains domestic Muslim targeting.
• Political and economic crises are resolved through manufactured fear of racialized criminals
• Political and religious authority separated de facto within the early Muslim empires
• Political assassinations by allies were acceptable before being relabeled terrorism
• Political Islam emerged from failures of secularism, Stalinism, and crises, aided by US sponsorship
• Political Islam is a contemporary construct, not a natural outgrowth of Muslim societies.
• Political Islam is a modern urban phenomenon born of capitalist crisis, not medieval revival
• Political Islam parallels other modern fundamentalisms rather than stemming from Islam’s essence
• Political Islam’s rise depended on the collapse of secular nationalism
• Political Islam’s rise stems from modern politics, not seventh-century Islam
• Political quietism prevailed across most Muslim states for a thousand years.
• Political quietism toward rulers prevailed across Muslim polities for a millennium
• Political-religious fusion is neither unique to Islam nor proof of anti-modernity.
• Pope Benedict’s attack on Islamic irrationality ignored Christianity’s own persecution of reason
• Popular ‘us versus them’ discourse can be recoded to support the power bloc
• Popular fiction like Homeland shaped real counterterrorism policy
• Popular nationalism in the Arab world turned more religious over time
• Post-1945 critics transformed Orientalism from scholarship into a concept of imperial institution
• Post-Cold War unipolarity made US elites willing to openly embrace the word empire.
• Post-Cold War US empire rebranded military force as benevolent multicultural intervention
• Post-Cold War US foreign policy was bipartisan and aimed at capitalist world integration
• Post-Cold War US imperial consensus traded liberal veneer for white nationalism under Trump.
• Post-Cold War US military reconfigured around governing recalcitrance to its order
• Post-Cold War US-based neocons theorized that a single hegemonic power guarantees global stability
• Post-Vietnam neoconservatives advocated intervention and heavy military spending against liberal restraint.
• Postwar anti-racism rejected only the biologistic version of race
• Postwar empire-building and the Israel partnership produced the racialized Arab terrorist category
• Postwar modernization theory and the Israel partnership produced the Arab terrorist race
• Postwar Muslim-majority nations embraced secular nationalism, contra Orientalist claims
• Postwar national liberation struggles worldwide rattled the centers of imperialism
• Postwar postcolonial critiques transformed Orientalism’s meaning from scholarship into ideology of empire
• Postwar US empire relied on missionary children and oilmen for regional knowledge
• Postwar US empire was legitimated through modernization theory and Orientalism
• Postwar US planners saw the war as empire-building and fused national with global security
• Poverty and desperation make entrapment targets vulnerable to paid informants
• Powell’s study also claims that the media is much more likely to blame religion for the actions of Muslim terrorists than for white non-Muslim terrorists. This is evident in CNN’s description of…
• Pre-modern anti-Muslim prejudice laid racial groundwork without full racial ideology
• Pre-modern England viewed the Ottomans as equals, not inferiors
• Predictive radicalization claims rest on only ten cases
• Preemptive prosecution domesticates preemptive war by jailing supposed potential terrorists
• Preemptive prosecution is applied to Muslims but not to armed white militias
• Preemptive prosecution jails people for crimes never committed
• Preemptive prosecution jails people for crimes never committed, based on presumed Muslim predisposition
• Preemptive prosecution singles out Muslims, not armed militia groups.
• Pretrial solitary confinement can erase almost all human contact for suspects
• Pretrial solitary confinement erased nearly all human contact for Hashmi
• Primary definers frame problems, limiting all subsequent discussion.
• Princeton’s 1947 Near East conference united oil firms, state, and foundations
• Princeton’s foundational Middle East program convened oil, state, philanthropy
• Pro-empire Muslim accommodation fails to win even a seat at the table
• Pro-imperial Muslim collaborators get sidelined while both racisms bolster empire
• Pro-Israel groups seeded the Islamophobia network to suppress campus Palestine activism
• Pro-Israeli groups incubated organized Islamophobia to police campuses
• Pro-Israeli groups incubated organized Islamophobia years before Obama.
• Pro-Zionist think tanks form the institutional base disseminating negative Middle East media
• Progressive counter-mobilization defeated the Park51 mosque opposition
• Progressive media also contain liberal Islamophobia despite hosting dissenting voices
• Progressive movements can push political figures leftward in the present
• Progressive think tanks rarely target Islamophobia critically as right-wing ones do.
• Prominent Muslim exiles were absorbed into neoconservative institutions to lend authority to clash-of-civilizations narratives.
• Protecting Saudi oil monarchy, not democracy, has driven US regional policy since WWII
• Providing lodging was prosecuted as terrorism support for mundane items
• Providing shelter to an acquaintance merited three years of solitary confinement.
• QAnon followers fused mask mandates with the burqa as birther-style Islamophobic conspiracy.
• Race as a configuration dates only from the late eighteenth century
• Race is a recent ideological configuration distinct from older xenophobic traditions
• Race-as-inferiority toward Arabs and Muslims emerged only with nineteenth-century colonial power
• Race-based accusations allow detention of minors on zero evidence.
• Races are produced by racism, not biology, through imperial practice
• Races are produced by racism, not by biology
• Racial categories are relative, situational constructs engendered by historical processes.
• Racial homogeneity assumptions enabled sweeping claims about the ‘Muslim mind’
• Racial ideology matured only with military capacity and took a capitalist gloss.
• Racial inferiority ideology emerges from oppression, not merely from perceived difference
• Racial naturalism redefined non-Europeans as biologically incapable of interbreeding
• Racialization is a changing process where context shapes anti-racism too
• Racialization of Muslims is historically discontinuous and empire-contingent.
• Racialization operates through ostensibly colorblind security practices, not overt racism
• Racializations of South Asians, Arabs, and Muslims were intertwined from capitalism’s start
• Racializing enemies as boundless Muslims justifies war against diverse peoples worldwide.
• Racism is naturalized as common sense, not recognized as ideology.
• Racism operates as a changing process rather than a fixed project
• Racisms against different groups bleed into and combine with one another
• Racisms against distinct groups blend and combine without fixed borders.
• Racisms combine across racialized groups rather than dividing cleanly by target
• Racist and liberal framings can converge by homogenizing guilt onto an entire group
• Racist framing of Arabs spans both hardline and liberal camps.
• Radicalization discourse was built to serve counterterrorism policy, not science.
• Radicalization theories justify treating Muslims as an imperial scapegoat class
• Radicalization theories racialize Muslims by presuming Islam drives them to violence
• Radicalization theory was designed to serve counterterrorism policy, not truth
• Rationalist inquiry flourished within Islamic empires, including religious skepticism.
• Reagan-era DOJ drew up internment-camp plans for Arab Americans
• Reagan-era DOJ drew up internment-camp plans for Arab Americans and prosecuted the LA 8.
• Reagan-era war on terror did not persist through Bush and Clinton
• Realist and neocon foreign policy camps differ in tactics not imperial goals
• Recent US counterterrorism operations spanned 85 countries with 800 global military bases.
• Religion is one factor among many, not the defining one, in Muslim-majority societies
• Religious claims overstated the unity of religion and politics in Islam
• Religious institutions were instruments of imperial political consolidation, not faith
• Religious justifications for slavery used curses to keep converts enslaved
• Religious political ascendance in the late twentieth century was a global, not Muslim-specific, phenomenon
• Renaissance classical revival made paleness the projected ideal of antiquity
• Renaissance-era Arabic scholarship in Europe cast Islam more sympathetically than the Crusades had
• Renaming the Department of War as Defense reframed imperial expansion as defensive security
• Renan attributed medieval Islamic science to Aryans, not Arabs, to preserve his racial hierarchy.
• Renan explained away Muslim scientific achievement by attributing it to Persians and Greeks
• Representing military diversity legitimized endless US intervention worldwide
• Resistance of colonized peoples merits support regardless of its form.
• Resistance to Western influence was pathologized as laggard traditionalism
• Right-wing and liberal Islamophobia both serve imperial racism through exclusion and conditional inclusion.
• Right-wing anti-Muslim propaganda is screened to police as official training
• Right-wing Islamophobes are inside the establishment, not fringe infiltrators
• Right-wing Islamophobes are structurally embedded rather than marginal figures
• Right-wing Islamophobes mirror McCarthy as system-insiders servicing empire, not fringe outsiders
• Right-wing media propaganda spills into the mainstream and moves the political center rightward
• Rogers labeled resisters of Western ideas as deficient ‘laggards’ rather than rational actors
• Romanticism projected an exotic Orientalist fantasy rather than accurate knowledge
• Routine Muslim religious practice is legally treated as evidence of terrorist predisposition
• Sadat weaponized Islam domestically and was later killed by those forces
• Sadat’s regime deliberately cultivated Islamist groups against secularist policies
• Said’s own critique essentialized the West by tracing Orientalism back to Homer
• Said’s refusal of essentialist claims about Islam trapped him between two equal failures
• Saladin’s retaking of Jerusalem was far more merciful than the Christian conquest had been
• Sanctions crippled Iran’s economy but failed to alter its foreign policy
• Sanctions pressure backfired by accelerating Iran’s nuclear program
• Sanctions threats incentivize proliferators to build larger nuclear programs before negotiating.
• Saudi petrodollars funded Islamist networks globally through Islamic banks
• Saudi Wahhabism displaced Arab secular nationalism after the 1973 war
• Scholarly discourse can itself silence and wound marginalized participants
• Scholarly work is never neutral but can still stay open to contrary evidence
• Scientific persecution was more systemic under Christianity than Islam
• Scientific racism followed from placing humans in the animal kingdom
• Secular nationalism failed because it was a middle-class ideology serving its own class
• Securitization justifies detaining potential rather than actual terrorists.
• Security practices racialize suspect groups without anyone involved believing they are racist
• Security registration programs racialize groups by concretizing essentialized categories
• Selective atheist critique of religion can covertly serve US empire
• Selective media focus on Muslim sexism constructs Western enlightenment as its opposite
• Seven foundations gave $43 million to anti-Muslim groups from 2001 to 2009
• Seven foundations gave over forty-three million dollars to Islamophobic groups from 2001 to 2009
• Seventeenth-century England did not yet racialize Muslims in official documents
• Seventeenth-century Virginia law decoupled Christian conversion from slave emancipation
• Seventy percent of Jewish Americans reject that Muslims sympathize with al-Qaeda
• Sexist practices Westerners blame on Islam were inherited from Christian and Jewish customs
• Sexist Quranic readings serve male-elite interests rather than inherent scripture.
• Sharia law arose from the administrative needs of empire-building
• Sharia was codified by the ulama as imperial administrative law
• Singling out Islam for sexism is systematic othering, not historical oversight.
• Singling out Islam for sexism serves a civilizational contrast narrative rather than fact.
• Skin shade determined how easily early Arab immigrants were racialized
• Social-science methods smuggled Orientalist racism past academic scrutiny
• Socioeconomic and political conditions affect women’s rights far more than Islam itself
• Soft power frames the war on terror as an ideological struggle within Islam itself.
• Soft power frames US dominance as attractiveness rather than coercion
• Somalia’s humanitarian mission served strategic interests and worsened outcomes
• Southern and eastern European immigrants were racialized before entering whiteness after WWII
• Soviet defeat in 1989 legitimized and globalized the Islamist militant movement
• Soviet defeat in Afghanistan legitimized Islamist militancy in the region
• Spain’s blood purity laws constitute an early biological racism
• Spain’s Reconquista directly modeled its American colonial arrangements
• Spanish Muslims’ liminal status tracked the feared power of the Ottoman Empire.
• Special Administrative Measures subject Muslim detainees to near-total sensory and social isolation
• Spectacular violence can compel adversaries to negotiate on the imperial power’s terms
• State actors manufacture folk devils that the media then amplify as secondary definers
• State coercion pressured Muslims to become informants or face false charges
• State surveillance machinery built for the red scare targets each successive dissident group.
• State violence against civilians is never categorized as terrorism
• State-allied propagandists and activists jointly policed campus critique of US foreign policy.
• States across the power spectrum weaponize Islamophobia for national and imperial projects
• Stereotypes become dominant colonial ideology only once empire gains material power
• Stereotyping distance operates independently of imperial power relations
• Stereotyping of Muslims was constrained by England’s inability to challenge the Ottomans
• Structural adjustment opened political space that Islamists filled with welfare services
• Suffragists argued women’s rights would strengthen Britain’s empire
• Sufi brotherhoods adapted to Somali society by transposing clan ancestors into saints.
• Support for self-determination does not require supporting every anti-occupation force
• Surveillance itself racializes target groups into a suspicious race
• Surveillance machinery built for the Cold War was repurposed against Muslim activists
• Surveillance registration programs racialize Arabs and Muslims by codifying essentialized categories
• Surveillance targets Muslims while ignoring white supremacist militias
• Surveillance techniques developed in overseas colonies were imported home against domestic dissenters
• Surveillance technologies shuttle unchanged between foreign warzones and domestic Muslim communities
• Sustained daily contact tempered hostile European images of Muslims.
• Sustained media focus reframed Muslim citizens as enemies of the state
• Sympathetic multicultural portrayals can still legitimate racist policies
• Sympathetic multicultural TV portrayals can still legitimate racist counterterrorism policies.
• Syrian immigrants argued Christianity and Holy Land ancestry to win US citizenship
• Syrian immigrants won citizenship by proving their whiteness through Christian faith
• Syrian merchants profited by supplying America’s Orientalist consumer fantasies
• Talented Christians in medieval Spain preferred Arabic learning over Latin.
• Tea Party and religious right organized arson against mosque construction
• Tens of thousands of US Muslims faced registry, arbitrary arrest, detention or deportation
• Tenuous guilt-by-association ties branded a US teacher a jihadist over Palestinian-rights support
• Terror alert levels were raised in 2004 to boost Bush’s reelection
• Terrorism is framed as irrational fanaticism rather than political response
• Terrorism kills far fewer Americans annually than mundane causes like cars and bicycles.
• Terrorism labeling expands opportunistically to discredit domestic protest movements
• Terrorism labeling follows political allegiance, not acts of violence
• Terrorism racialization evolved from Arabs to Iranians and South Asians from the late 1960s
• Terrorism was initially a minor item on the neocon threat list, not the focus.
• Textual Islam became the catch-all explanation for every attributed lack in Muslim societies
• Textual Orientalism blames the Quran for every perceived Middle Eastern failing
• Textualism reduces every Muslim-majority failing to the Quran’s teachings
• The 1958 National Defense Education Act enlisted universities in Cold War empire
• The 1967 Six-Day War destroyed Arab nationalism’s political legitimacy
• The 1972 Munich massacre launched US legal profiling of all Arabs
• The 1979 Iranian Revolution shifted US policy from promoting Islam to denouncing it
• The 1979 Jerusalem conference reframed Palestinian armed resistance as terrorism
• The 1979 Jonathan Institute conference branded Palestinians as terrorists with Islam barely mentioned
• The 1980s war on terror began as Reagan’s reaction to Carter’s hostage crisis failure.
• The 1984 conference framed terrorism as state-sponsored by Soviet Union and Iran
• The 1984 conference fused Israeli, neocon, and Orientalist voices into a terrorism ideology
• The 1984 conference shifted the enemy label from Arabs to state-backed Islamism
• The 1990s unipolar moment revived open imperial language in US policy
• The 1992 Defense Planning Guidance openly proposed unilateral US global hegemony
• The 1992 hegemony doctrine drew bipartisan establishment backlash
• The 1992 Pentagon plan aimed to block any rival to US dominance.
• The 1993 Somalia intervention served geostrategy despite humanitarian framing
• The 2011 Arab uprisings were rebellions against both dictators and neoliberalism, not Islamic revivals
• The 2011 Libya war triggered FBI interviews of Libyan US residents domestically
• The 2011 uprisings disproved the Islamist argument that terror alone can topple pro-imperial rulers.
• The ADL characterized Palestinian-rights advocacy as terrorism for FBI referral
• The ADL leveraged anti-Muslim racism to bolster Israeli colonization
• The ADL reframes Islamophobia as intolerance to avoid naming empire-linked racism
• The ADL supplied names of Palestinian activists to the FBI
• The Afghan war assembled previously isolated Islamist militants into a movement
• The Afghan war created the first global Muslim volunteer army
• The Afghan war transformed marginal terrorists into an organized movement
• The Almontaser campaign success emboldened later mosque and professor attacks
• The Almontaser ouster taught the network a reusable playbook against elected officials
• The American Revolution was a dispute over empire’s course, not a rejection of empire.
• The anti-mosque movement’s leader is a Zionist ally of white supremacist networks.
• The anti-Muslim right wing emerges from within US empire’s establishment, not outside it
• The Arab and Islamic terrorist archetype originated from the neocon-Likud alliance after 1979
• The Arab Mind’s homogenizing caricature was instrumentalized to design US torture.
• The Arab terrorist figure predates and evolves into the Islamic terrorist.
• The best-funded think tanks shape foreign policy through media expert appearances
• The black criminal and brown terrorist were twin products of empire in crisis
• The blame-America-first frame forecloses any legitimate Muslim criticism of US policy
• The Boston mosque defeat produced a reusable blueprint for nationwide mosque attacks.
• The Bush administration criminalized a mandatory Islamic religious practice by shutting down Muslim charities
• The Bush administration planned rolling regime change across the Middle East
• The Bush Doctrine aimed to prevent any rival power challenge, not just terror
• The Bush Doctrine justified preemptive war to preserve oil-linked regional hegemony
• The Bush Doctrine legalized preemptive war against any potential US rival.
• The Bush Doctrine legitimized unilateral preventive war and rival suppression
• The Bush Doctrine was a plan to secure US global hegemony through preemptive war.
• The Bush-to-Obama transition was rhetorical, not structural
• The Catholic Church suppressed rational science for centuries.
• The Catholic Church violently repressed scientific reason exactly as it accused Islam of doing
• The Catholic Church violently suppressed scientists and Enlightenment reason it now claims to champion
• The Church actively persecuted science while the Pope denounced Islam as reasonless.
• The CIA cultivated the Muslim Brotherhood to counter Nasser’s pan-Arab nationalism
• The CIA deliberately cultivated Islamist groups as Cold War counterweights to Nasserism
• The CIA funded Islamist clergy to overthrow Mossadegh in 1953
• The CIA overthrew Iran’s elected leader for nationalizing oil
• The CIA recruited and toured jihadist figures including bin Laden across the US
• The CIA-trained NYPD ran a human mapping surveillance program of Muslim communities
• The civilizing mission won domestic French consent for colonial conquest
• The claim of Islamic scientific decline is a Eurocentric projection, not history
• The clash of civilizations thesis asserts Western values are alien to Islamic societies.
• The clash-of-civilizations thesis converted political conflict into cultural racialization
• The clash-of-civilizations thesis was bipartisan in US policy circles
• The Clinton era reframed US hegemony as humanitarian democracy promotion
• The colonized were cast as both evil and childlike to justify western intervention
• The composite Oriental racial category fused South Asian Hindus with MENA Muslims
• The conditions driving the 2011 Arab Spring persisted and produced a 2019 second wave.
• The Cordoba House opposition was enabled by prior Obama-era homegrown terrorism hysteria.
• The Cordoba House proposal came from a state-co-opted ‘moderate’ Muslim establishment insider
• The Council on Foreign Relations rejected the idea that Islam inherently blocks communism
• The counterjihad movement moves ideas and money across the Atlantic
• The Crusades used religion to mask social and economic conflicts
• The decline-of-Islamic-science narrative is a Eurocentric fabrication.
• The Department of Homeland Security paid an apocalyptic ideologue to address law enforcement.
• The Department of Homeland Security paid five thousand dollars for extremist anti-Islam training
• The domestic green scare began only under Obama, not Bush
• The domestic Muslim enemy is fought with the same methods as the foreign one
• The DPG report was so radical it embarrassed the elder Bush
• The drone war escalated dramatically under Trump across new countries
• The East and West have coexisted in conflict and cooperation, not eternal clash
• The economic subjugation of Muslims fueled violent religious antagonism
• The Egyptian state claimed sole authority over a religious duty to fend off militants
• The Eisenhower Doctrine offered both financial aid and military backing against communism.
• The Eurabia conspiracy theory migrated from Europe into US Islamophobia
• The false eighty-percent-mosque claim circulated unchallenged across mainstream media
• The FBI coerced an imam to inform by threatening fabricated terrorist charges
• The FBI conflated Black Muslim anti-racism with sedition and imperialism critique
• The FBI constructed a good versus bad Islam split as early as 1955.
• The FBI designated orthodoxy by political loyalty rather than theology
• The FBI detained a sixteen-year-old girl as a suspected suicide bomber with no evidence.
• The FBI manufactured terror plots to justify its counterterrorism spending
• The FBI ranked Middle Eastern descent over African as authentic Islamic authority
• The FBI surveilled black Muslims as seditious threats more than white Arab immigrants
• The FBI surveilled the Moorish Science Temple for anti-imperialist and anti-racist activism
• The FBI treated black Muslims advocating racial equality as a seditious internal threat.
• The FBI treated US anti-war activism as material support for terrorism
• The FBI’s Vulgar Betrayal program decimated Brooklyn’s Pakistani community
• The first significant US Muslim population arrived via the slave trade
• The global Arab terrorist image was produced by empire crisis and counterinsurgency with Israel
• The global Muslim population of 1.8 billion is internally diverse and geographically dispersed
• The global war on terror ideology originated in Israeli religious-right domestic politics
• The going-Muslim trope denies assimilated Muslims any genuine integration into America
• The good versus bad Muslim label tracks support for US empire rather than facts.
• The government sponsored Orientalist conferences to weaponize religion
• The government stages theatrical prosecution rituals to conceal weak evidence
• The green scare is weaker than the red scare and needs constant media reinforcement
• The green scare’s fear broadened to encompass converts, not just born Muslims
• The Ground Zero mosque controversy grew from an organized pro-Israel campus campaign.
• The Ground Zero Mosque label erased the dead’s multiracial and multinational character.
• The idea of intrinsic cultural character traces back to European anti-Semitic discourse
• The idea that Eastern peoples cannot self-govern developed in the Enlightenment and persisted.
• The image of Muslims shifted with military threat, not with religion per se
• The Iran hostage crisis opened the door for Reagan’s first war on terror
• The Iraq War backfired by strengthening Iran and alienating European allies
• The Iraq War’s failure forced a rhetorical shift from unilateral coercion to counterinsurgency
• The Iraq War’s failure forced Bush to abandon regime-change plans and adopt counterinsurgency
• The irrationality myth frames Iran’s nuclear ambitions as madness.
• The irrationality trope persists as justification for killing lists.
• The Islam-fascism equation derived from Likud-style Zionism among neoconservatives
• The Islam-is-violent frame deflects attention from empire’s violence
• The Islamic threat emerged only after the 1979 Iranian Revolution
• The Islamic-terror enemy replaced the Soviet Union as an archnemesis.
• The Islamic-terror frame failed to move policy until the 2000s
• The Islamist resurgence was the defining political development in late-twentieth-century Muslim societies
• The Islamophobia campaign began as a campus-police project against pro-Palestinian scholars
• The Islamophobia network spans neocons, Zionists, Christian Right, and ex-Muslims
• The Islamophobia network’s media far outweighs progressive media in reach
• The kill-list definition presumed combatant status for military-age men unless posthumously proven innocent
• The leaked 1992 DPG report called for preventing any rival great power from emerging
• The liberal retreat over Cordoba House expanded the anti-Muslim hate group base
• The liberal-hegemony consensus ended because it could no longer be politically sustained
• The media codes only certain groups’ violence as religiously motivated
• The moment of being mistaken for Muslim is a direct lesson in racialization’s power
• The monolith myth underlies all other claims of Islam’s inherent traits.
• The mosque controversy exploded only when far-right bloggers weaponized it against a homegrown-terror backdrop
• The mosque debate ran on collective Muslim blame across both racist and liberal framings.
• The Muslim ban triggered a 94 percent spike in anti-Muslim incidents
• The Muslim Brotherhood avoided confronting Israel and was favored by occupation authorities
• The myth that Islam is a monolith enables claims about inherent Muslim traits
• The national security state has racialized Muslims into a category vulnerable to premature death.
• The national security state’s abusive methods are not confined to foreign soil
• The natives-unready-for-democracy frame bridged Balfour’s empire directly to War on Terror occupation
• The NDAA legalized undisclosed pro-government propaganda aimed at US citizens
• The NDAA legally expanded indefinite detention to include US citizens
• The network explicitly targets Islam and Islamism as a whole, not just violent extremists
• The network smeared a secular educator by fabricating guilt-by-association with Muslim groups
• The Newburgh arrests were staged as a media spectacle for officials
• The NYPD ran CIA-trained surveillance of Muslim communities without suspicion grounds
• The NYPD’s predictability claim rests on only ten case studies.
• The Obama White House framed Quran burning as a security threat rather than bigotry
• The oil-embargo problem, not ideology, made reshaping Iraq urgent by 2001
• The Oklahoma City bombing authored by a white Christian fueled anti-Muslim deportation law
• The oppressed-Muslim-woman narrative was fabricated to justify colonial invasion.
• The Oriental’s status as a separate fixed subspecies emerged only in the nineteenth century
• The Orientals-cannot-self-govern claim runs from Oriental despotism through modernization theory
• The Oslo Accords traded Palestinian core claims for nominal statehood recognition
• The Ottoman Empire offered Jews refuge from European Christian persecution.
• The Ottoman Empire sheltered religious refugees persecuted in Europe
• The Ottomans, not England, were the expansionist imperial power in the 1500s-1600s
• The Palestinian terrorist trope preceded and enabled the Muslim terrorist trope.
• The papacy manufactured Muslims as a holy-war enemy to unify Christian Europe
• The Park51 fight revived the white-captivity narrative of the Barbary era
• The Park51 mosque controversy took off because of homegrown-terrorism hysteria
• The Pentagon weaponized anthropological empathy to control colonized populations
• The Pope endorsed a myth of Islam’s inherent violence.
• The post-Cold War US grand strategy has become politically unsustainable.
• The potential-threat rationale sustains racist targeting despite minimal real threat
• The produced moral panic far exceeds the actual terrorist threat
• The Protestant Reformation enabled England’s centralized imperial rise
• The Protestant Reformation freed the English Crown to centralize imperial power
• The public can be won to progressive politics despite imperial power structures.
• The racialization of Muslims was anchored in Enlightenment-era colonial ideologies
• The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion.
• The racialized Muslim category is fluid enough to absorb non-Muslims perceived as Muslim
• The racialized Muslim category swept in non-Muslims who merely look Muslim
• The racialized other’s traits oppose an industrial capitalist work ethic
• The radicalized Muslim threat narrative is a fear instrument rather than a safety measure
• The Reformation reframed Islam as a fellow schism against papal authority
• The rescue-of-Muslim-women narrative originated in European colonialism
• The same Islamist figures who denounced the US conspired with the CIA against nationalists
• The same surveillance technology and logic operate at home and abroad
• The security state formally recruited fiction writers to imagine threats
• The Sharia was codified to administer an empire spanning diverse peoples
• The silence function of the machine works by delegitimizing dissent in advance
• The Smith Act persecuting the left was passed by a Democratic president
• The Spanish Inquisition was economic control, and Ottomans sheltered its Jewish refugees
• The Spanish Inquisition was mainly political and economic domination in religious guise.
• The state adapts anti-communist tools to target racialized groups
• The Sunni-Shi’a split originated from political succession struggle, not theology.
• The Sunni-Shi’a split originated from political succession struggles
• The Supreme Court rejected Korematsu logic while upholding the identical Muslim ban reasoning.
• The Taliban functioned as Pakistan’s proxy, not a genuine anti-imperialist movement
• The term Islamophobia originated in a 1991 Runnymede Trust report
• The term neoconservative was coined by a socialist to brand rightward-climbing ex-allies
• The term neoconservative was coined to brand apostates from the left
• The terrorism category flexibly expands to include non-Muslim countries like North Korea
• The terrorism label applies fluidly to domestic movements, expanding the war on terror’s targets.
• The terrorism label is a trans-ideological tool for suppressing dissent, not Muslim-specific
• The terrorism threat is a manufactured crisis useful for justifying war and curtailing liberties.
• The terrorist label flexibly expands to smear domestic dissenters and protesters
• The terrorist racial category expanded decade by decade to cover new groups
• The terrorist-label discourse justifies US support for Egyptian dictatorship
• The trope of Islam’s fixed essence descends from European anti-Semitism.
• The Trump administration elevated Islamophobic figures who shared his conspiracy beliefs.
• The US alternately armed and opposed Islamist forces to preserve its regional domination.
• The US backed counterrevolution during the Arab Spring while professing support
• The US borrowed its domestic counter-radicalization program from the UK
• The US courted even a violent Muslim Brotherhood against Nasser
• The US distinguished its postwar dominance from old colonialism as benevolent supremacy
• The US forged relations with the Taliban to access Caspian energy resources
• The US frames alliances with Egyptian dictators as terrorism-war pacts to justify outsourcing torture
• The US held contradictory Islamist allies and enemies simultaneously
• The US hosted the Muslim Brotherhood despite its violence against Egypt
• The US military weaponized social science and empathy in counterinsurgency doctrine
• The US officially classified support for BDS as anti-Semitism in 2020
• The US once allied with Islamist forces before treating them as enemies
• The US religion-versus-communism strategy failed because Islam did not compete with communism for elites
• The US responded to 2011 uprisings by backing counterrevolution
• The US Supreme Court manufactured whiteness to permanently exclude Asians from citizenship
• The US trained the mujahideen from which al-Qaeda later emerged
• The US welcomed Muslim Brotherhood leaders despite their political assassinations.
• The veil ban discourse silences Muslim women’s own autonomous voices
• The veil functions as feminist resistance and liberation, not only oppression
• The violence-of-Islam myth traces to the Crusades and shapes coverage of the Danish cartoons.
• The war on terror authorized a unilateral US break from global rules and institutions
• The War on Terror formally recruited Hollywood into the national security state
• The war on terror institutionalized fiction writers as national-security imaginers.
• The War on Terror racializes all Muslims as a boundless enemy to justify war
• The wars on terror killed hundreds of thousands and displaced tens of millions
• The West-civilizes-the-Eastern-despot claim chains climate theory through Orientalism to modernization theory
• The White Man’s Burden was a recruiting pitch aimed at American colonizers
• Theodore Roosevelt declared Muslims incapable of self-government on racial grounds
• Theodore Roosevelt ranked Muslims an inferior people unfit for self-government
• Theologians’ claims mislead text-driven scholars about actual religion-politics separation
• Theologians’ claims of religion-politics fusion served their own credibility, not historical reality.
• There is no biological or ethnic basis for a monolithic Islam.
• Think tanks replaced academic Middle East studies when scholars turned critical of empire
• Three US foundations funded university area studies to consolidate global hegemony
• Three-quarters of interned Japanese Americans were US citizens
• Top Democratic leaders offered no real defense of the Park51 center
• Transnational protest movements traded strategies and replaced pity with solidarity
• Treating Islam as a monolith underlies claims about its inherent unchanging traits.
• Treating Islam as monolithic enables claims that it is inherently anti-democratic and violent
• Treating Islamophobia as religious misunderstanding leaves root causes untouched
• Truman-era aid policy racialized Arabs as irresponsible extremists by nature
• Trump abandoned the good-bad Muslim distinction but Biden restores it
• Trump abandoned the US claim of neutral brokerage toward the Palestinians
• Trump continued rather than ended the war on terror in three countries
• Trump escalated drone strikes beyond Obama’s totals across expanded theaters.
• Trump framed US Afghan policy as pure killing, not nation-building
• Trump kept US hegemony aims while ditching multilateral institutions for nationalism
• Trump legitimated overt anti-Muslim racism that post-civil-rights Republicans only dog-whistled
• Trump-era racism was more overt than anything since the civil rights era
• Trump’s America First foreign policy was illiberal hegemony, not isolationism.
• Trump’s drone strike escalation outpaced Obama across every theater.
• Trump’s drone strikes outpaced Obama’s totals in far less time
• Trump’s first executive order enacted the Muslim ban and suspended Syrian asylum indefinitely
• Trump’s foreign policy abandoned the bipartisan liberal-hegemony consensus for unilateral nationalist imperialism.
• Trump’s foreign policy swapped liberal for illiberal hegemony while keeping empire
• Trump’s Islamophobia represented far-right racial nationalism, not merely Bush revival
• Trump’s Muslim ban built on parallel Clinton, Bush, and Obama refugee restriction policies.
• Trump’s Muslim ban escalated Islamophobia to overt racial-nationalist action
• Trump’s Muslim ban was an extreme version of bipartisan prior refugee restrictions.
• Trump’s national security adviser chaired an anti-Muslim think tank
• Trump’s nationalism contradicted US multilateral hegemony strategy but kept its coercive core.
• Trump’s overt racism differed in style from prior administrations but not substance.
• Trump’s presidency legitimated overt anti-Muslim racism and drove a spike in hate crimes.
• Trump’s unabashed labeling of Palestinians as terrorists accompanied abandoning refugee funding
• Twenty-eight million swing-state voters received an anti-Islam DVD in 2008.
• Two UN coordinators resigned over Iraq sanctions while Albright defended the child deaths
• Unchallenged propaganda legitimized monitoring Muslims like Cold War reds
• Unequal media coverage of surveillance stems from public legitimacy granted to Muslim targeting
• Unipolar American military dominance defines neoconservatism as a doctrine
• University defense campaigns defeated the Islamophobia network’s academic smears
• Unqualified support for Zionism is bipartisan in the US establishment
• Upper-middle-class status drives mainstream Muslim groups to avoid race analysis
• US allied with Saudi Islamization while praising authoritarian Shah Iran
• US and Israeli conservatives jointly framed the global Arab terrorist threat
• US and Middle Eastern publics diverged sharply on approving drone strikes
• US and Pakistani intelligence funded and trained bin Laden’s mujahideen network
• US anti-colonial rhetoric was selective, serving economic access over genuine liberation
• US anti-colonialism aimed to supplant old empires for its own economic access
• US anti-Muslim racism emerged only with America’s imperial power in the Middle East
• US anticolonial identity required a distinct language masking its imperial ambitions.
• US anticolonialism selectively served its own market access goals
• US Arab Spring policy oscillated between co-opting and counterrevolution, never democracy
• US Arab Spring response co-opted opposition or backed counterrevolution to limit change
• US area-studies programs grew from government knowledge needs during decolonization
• US area-studies programs grew to meet the state’s knowledge needs during decolonization.
• US caused more Afghan civilian casualties than the Taliban in 2019
• US Cold War aid coerced political allegiance through carrot-and-stick incentives.
• US Cold War aid demanded political allegiance and punished defectors
• US Cold War aid demanded political allegiance as the price of economic help
• US Cold War aid to Saudi Arabia enabled the Bin Laden family fortune
• US cold war propaganda framed Christianity and Islam as allied against atheist communism
• US cold-war strategy deliberately weaponized religion against nationalism and communism in Muslim regions
• US counterinsurgency logic fused foreign and domestic Arabs into one terrorist threat
• US counterterrorism agencies divide over whether Islam causes radicalization or merely justifies it
• US counterterrorism targeted Arabs while ignoring actual Jewish terrorist groups
• US courts redefined race socially to permanently exclude Asians from whiteness and citizenship
• US courts redefined whiteness as common sense to exclude Asian immigrants
• US drone strikes executed a US citizen and his sixteen-year-old son without trial
• US drone strikes from 2010-2020 killed up to 2,000 civilians and 500 children
• US drone warfare began under Clinton and escalated through Obama to Trump.
• US economic imperialism generated modernization theory rooted in racist assumptions about Muslims
• US elites pathological labeled Arab nationalists resisting Western interests
• US empire’s conception of the Philippines as al-Qaeda territory targeted Filipino-Americans domestically
• US foreign policy has never genuinely pursued Middle East democracy
• US foreign policy judges Muslim peoples solely by alignment with imperial aims
• US foreign policy pivots were derailed by Middle East crises.
• US funds and arms its dictatorial allies to block domestic challenges
• US global dominance in the Middle East required Israel as the region’s key ally
• US hostility to Islamism depended on whether it served US interests
• US humanitarian intervention in Somalia served geostrategic and oil interests, not rescue
• US humanitarian interventions in the 1990s served geostrategic interests and killed civilians
• US humanitarian justifications masked strategic interests in the Somalia intervention
• US imperial interests, not Islamist actions, determine Islamist ally or enemy status
• US imperial operations generate the very blowback they then label terrorism
• US imperial surveillance techniques developed abroad were imported home to police domestic dissent
• US imperial wars abroad drive the racial exclusion of Arab Americans at home.
• US instrumental use of Islamists produced today’s negative Islam frame
• US Islamophobes inspired the Norwegian terrorist Breivik through transatlantic networks
• US Islamophobia has liberal and conservative wings, both imperial
• US law criminalizes even giving blankets to a hospital affiliated with a terrorist-listed group
• US Middle East oil policy pursued access, not territorial control
• US Middle East policy aimed at access to, not control of, oil
• US military destabilization aimed to transform regional culture into neoliberal values
• US military diversity itself served as imperial branding after the Gulf War
• US military formally taught total war against all Muslims as doctrine
• US military lecturers taught nuclear-style total war against Muslims
• US military schools taught future leaders a genocidal total-war doctrine against Muslims
• US national security policy turned to Hollywood and fiction to imagine terror threats
• US officials accepted anti-democratic Taliban rule as geopolitically workable
• US officials expected Afghanistan under Taliban rule to mirror Saudi subordination
• US officials in the 1990s accepted Taliban rule as a workable Saudi-style partner
• US officials instrumentalized racist Arab caricatures to design torture regimes
• US officials justified backing Arab dictators by deeming Arabs incapable of democratic self-rule
• US officials openly framed Arab peoples as incapable of self-rule while backing dictators
• US officials pathologized anti-Western nationalists as psychologically or racially unfit.
• US officials pathologized Arab nationalists as unfit for democracy
• US officials racialized Muslims as incapable of democracy while arming their dictators
• US officials welcomed Saudi Islamicization as a Cold War counterweight to Nasser
• US policy backed dictators and counterrevolution against the Arab Spring
• US policy factions on Islamism differed in strategy, not hegemonic goals
• US policy has consistently wrecked democratic movements in the MENA region.
• US policy in the MENA region consistently favored its geopolitical interests over democratic outcomes
• US policy judged Islamist groups by oil access, not their record
• US policy repeatedly wrecked democratic movements and installed dictators in MENA
• US policy treated Islam as good or bad depending on imperial alignment
• US policy was always split between anti-Soviet and anti-Islamist interests
• US policymakers accepted Taliban-style dictatorship as a tolerable analogue to Saudi Arabia.
• US policymakers framed Arabs as racially predisposed to extremism in designing foreign aid.
• US policymakers treated Islamist movements as allies before the Iranian Revolution.
• US post-war grand strategy followed an open-door economics-and-control playbook
• US post-war hegemony repurposed Orientalism and modernization theory to justify empire.
• US postwar imperialism was framed as benevolent supremacy via free-market capitalism
• US postwar security state disguised imperial expansion as defensive exceptionalism
• US presidents echoed the colonial claim that Muslims cannot self-govern
• US propaganda framed the Cold War as religious faith against godless communism.
• US public support for drone strikes reversed sharply outside the United States
• US rhetoric about Islam contradicted its own arming of Islamists
• US sanctions on 1990s Iraq killed over a million Iraqis
• US security agencies internally disagree on whether Islam causes terrorism
• US security agencies split between Islam-centric and complexity-based radicalization models.
• US support for decolonization served its own imperial aims
• US support for Islamists continued in the 1980s despite threats to Israel
• US terror watchlists and surveillance grew tenfold to 47,000 under Obama
• US universities produced Middle East knowledge specifically to serve imperial needs.
• US war in Yemen caused 100,000 deaths and 250,000 starvation deaths since 2015
• US wars abroad activate an internal racial border against domestic enemy-representatives
• US wars abroad activate racial borders that target domestic minorities
• US weapons sales to Saudi Arabia enabled famine killing hundreds of thousands of Yemenis
• US Zionism’s political base shifted from liberal Democrats to the Christian Right
• US-trained Afghan militants produced blowback against America as imperial power
• US-weakened leftists let Khomeini seize leadership of Iran’s revolution
• Vast scholarly knowledge of Egyptians was compiled without native input to serve French domination
• Veiling discourse excludes women’s own varied motives for wearing it
• Victorian-Europe discourse reduced Muslim women to harem objects or helpless slaves
• Voltaire’s anti-Islam attacks served his campaigns against religion itself
• War on Terror racism treats Muslim culture as an immutable natural cause of violence
• War on Terror rhetoric was outsourced to pro-imperial intellectuals, not state officials
• War rhetoric was outsourced to academics because the Pentagon could not craft it
• Washington co-opted or counterattacked every Arab Spring uprising
• Weak states, subempires, and European far-right parties all weaponize Islamophobia independent of US empire
• Well-intentioned unveiling campaigns backfire by turning the veil into a political symbol.
• Western banks and Chicago-school neoliberals financed the rise of Islamism
• Western commentators frame Muslim leaders as irrational while granting Israelis and Americans rationality
• Western media’s Afghan women coverage spiked twentyfold only when it served war aims
• Western scholars controlled the academic study of the Orient even as late as 1927.
• White English identity formed simultaneously with othering of domestic and colonial populations
• White English identity was forged through othering its own poor and Scots
• White supremacist groups receive civil-liberty protections denied to Muslims.
• White supremacist violence is analyzed without racial profiling theories.
• White-slavery outrage coexisted with rising Black slavery
• White-victimhood framing made a majority of Americans oppose the cordoba house project
• Women’s rights in MENA vary with socioeconomic conditions, not Islam
• Woodrow Wilson grounded self-government in a hierarchy of stronger and nobler races
• Woodrow Wilson grounded US governance in a hierarchy of European noble races
• Zakaria and Lewis framed Islam’s failure through rival racist essentialisms.
• Zionist foundations explicitly funded the Islamophobia network
• Zionist foundations shifted from direct donations to donor-advised funds after 2011 scrutiny
• Zionist foundations shifted to donor-advised funds to keep funding Islamophobic groups
• Zionist-funded Islamophobia does not represent most Jewish Americans’ views
• Zionist-oriented foundations fund violent Israeli settlers and Islamophobic warriors alike