Sustained daily contact tempered hostile European images of Muslims.

Evidence

Muslim rule over the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal, and parts of southern France) lasted for eight centuries before the Christians finally drove their Muslim rulers out in 1492. During this period, Christians and Jews were tolerated as “people of the book” and were allowed to practice their religion if they paid a fee. This sustained contact mitigated and tempered the more hostile images. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 51

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Unconscious anti-Arab bias kept a European open only to a fellow non-Arab’s call — Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 546; Muslim visibility in Europe paradoxically increases perceived non-integration — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 708; European hostility toward Muslims exceeds even hostility toward other immigrants — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 37 (+9 more)

Broader Connections

• The image of Muslims shifted with military threat, not with religion per se #complicates (0.55) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 95
• Representations of Muslims as monsters persist despite statistical evidence against them #complicates (0.50)