Race-as-inferiority toward Arabs and Muslims emerged only with nineteenth-century colonial power

Evidence

In the eighteenth century, an unconscious sense of Eurocentrism was present but it was guided by the universalist ideology of the Enlightenment and therefore respected non-European civilizations and peoples.” However, as the nineteenth century progressed, Enlightenment universalism was replaced, in the context of colonialism, with an emphasis on difference between people and civilizations. Europe developed what race scholar Etienne Balibar calls an “imperialist superiority complex.” It is in this context that “race” as defined by inferiority would emerge in relation to Arabs, Muslims, and Asians. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 142

Categorization

• XREF: Echoes chapter 8 claims that European views shifted after imperialism made domination possible; correlates with the book’s recurring argument that racism tracked geopolitical power. — connects to: Colonialism replaced Enlightenment universalism with a racialized superiority complex toward Muslims.; Nineteenth-century Orientalism essentialized Muslims as intrinsically inferior during colonial expansion. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 201; Modern anti-Muslim racism required both colonial domination and liberal societies professing equality — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 96 (+11 more)

Broader Connections

• Nineteenth-century Orientalism essentialized Muslims as intrinsically inferior during colonial expansion. #corroborates (0.90) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 201
• European superiority over Muslim empires enabled racial notions of Muslim inferiority #corroborates (0.90) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1826
• Modern anti-Muslim racism required both colonial domination and liberal societies professing equality #corroborates (0.85) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 96
• Colonialism replaced Enlightenment universalism with ideologies of inherent racial inferiority #corroborates (0.85) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 130
• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. #expands (0.80) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 112
• Enlightenment race theory about Muslims required colonial dominance and liberal societies #corroborates (0.80) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 105
• Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization #corroborates (0.80)
• Racial prejudice emerged only with European colonization and capitalism #corroborates (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 660
• European racialism justified colonial expansion and rule #expands (0.80) — Frans Dokman, Beyond Bantu Philosophy_…, 513
• The racialization of Muslims was anchored in Enlightenment-era colonial ideologies #expands (0.75) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 185
• Race concepts only gained political force when colonial needs adopted them #expands (0.75) — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 252
• Late-nineteenth-century Orientalists directly advised colonial governments on Muslim populations #exemplifies (0.75)
• Colonial racism generalized aristocratic superiority to justify empire and shore up domestic class rule #expands (0.70) — Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 571