The racialized Muslim category is fluid enough to absorb non-Muslims perceived as Muslim

Evidence

This chapter outlined how the racialized Muslim was constructed as a security threat in the post-9/11 era. While there are precursors going back to the 1960s, the post-9/11 “racial Muslim” is a fluid category that includes a wide variety of people from West Africa to Bangladesh. Additionally, others get included in this category such as the half-white/half-Jamaican “shoe bomber” Richard Reid and the Puerto Rican José Padilla. Muslims and those perceived as Muslims were targeted in a variety of ways from airport screenings, registries, detention, deportation, entrapment, preemptive prosecution, and intrusive surveillance. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 630

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the ‘racial Muslim’ as a constructed, phenotype-like category, not a strict religious descriptor.
• XREF: connects to: Muslims get racialized via projected religious ancestry regardless of self-understanding — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 64; People who seem white can be raced non-white on the basis of Islam alone. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 252; The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 630 (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion. #expands (0.95) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 630
• Racializing Muslims holds race as both fixed and fluid #expands (0.80) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 105