Races are produced by racism, not by biology

Evidence

To be sure, the racial Muslim was not a new project of racialization, but one that was expanded and amplified in the aftermath of 9/11. What needs to be emphasized is that races are produced by racism. There is no biological basis for race. Races are made and produced through practices of exploitation, expropriation, and exclusion. Race is therefore understood in this book as both ideology and practice rooted in the political economy of empire. Empire creates the condition for anti-Muslim racism, and Islamophobia sustains empire. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76

Categorization

• DEFINE: Core definition of the book’s framing: race as ideology and practice rooted in empire’s political economy.
• XREF: Connects to the reader’s prior work on racial formation theory (Omi and Winant) and to general scholarship in critical race theory. — connects to: Race is a social reduction to sheer force, not a natural trait — Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 124; Ethnography can serve to critique race-making rather than to represent a culture. — Luke de Noronha, The conviviality of the overpoliced,…, 44; Race emerges from prior racist practice, not from perceived difference — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 32 (+29 more)
• DEEPTHINKING: The claim ‘races are produced by racism’ plus the empire–Islamophobia feedback loop is a dense, paradigm-shifting framing worth sitting with.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 76

Broader Connections

• Races are produced by racism, not biology, through imperial practice #corroborates (1.00) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 88
• Race is a product of racism, so groups are racialized rather than racial. #corroborates (1.00) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 107
• Race is social construction with real material consequences, not biology #corroborates (0.95) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 124
• Racism generates race through repeated practice, not difference perception. #expands (0.95)
• Race is socially constructed rather than biologically real but has powerful social effects #corroborates (0.95) — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 113
• Race has no biological reality but is a potent social force #corroborates (0.95)
• Race is a political and social construct, not a scientific category #expands (0.90)
• Race is a political category disguised as a biological one #expands (0.90) — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 1179
• Ancient notions of race as biology do not match reality #expands (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 901
• Race originated as a cultural-religious distinction legislated into biological heredity #expands (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 724
• Race and ethnicity are socially constructed rather than natural categories. #corroborates (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 104
• Race in racism is an explanatory idea, not an object of scientific study. #expands (0.80) — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1062
• Race originated as a hereditary cultural-religious distinction, not physical appearance #expands (0.75)
• Racism today operates mainly through claims about inferior cultures rather than biology #qualifies (0.70)