Islamism rose from secular nationalist failure, left weakness, and economic crises

Evidence

Broadly speaking, a confluence of three factors helped pave the way for the rise of Islamism: the failure of secular nationalism, the weakness of the left, and the onslaught of economic crises. In what follows, I examine each of these in greater detail. While these are the overarching conditions that enable Islamists to vie for hegemony, there are specific local and regional factors that play a role. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to speak to these local conditions. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 323

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: The 1967 defeat and 1970s economic crisis fueled political Islam’s rise. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 250; Saudi economic influence after 1973 hardened religious politics and toppled Bhutto; Iran’s 1979 revolution redirected US fear from secular nationalism to Islamism — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 246 (+15 more)

Broader Connections

• Political Islam emerged from failures of secularism, Stalinism, and crises, aided by US sponsorship #corroborates (0.85) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 371
• Secular nationalism failed because it was a middle-class ideology serving its own class #expands (0.60) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 327