Anti-Muslim racism targets those merely perceived as Muslim, including Christians and Sikhs

Evidence

Non-Muslims are also vulnerable to private Islamophobic animus and violence. Since Muslim identity is racialized as Arab or Middle Eastern, an embedded caricature of Muslims (closely examined in chapter 3) guides how private Islamophobes imagine and identify adherents of the faith. A wide swath of non-Muslim groups and communities, most notably non-Muslims from South Asia, the Arab world, Middle Eastern nations, and Latinx states, and particularly Sikhs, are often profiled as Muslims and victimized by private Islamophobes. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 119 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Anti-Muslim racism conflates Arabs and Muslims despite most Canadian Arabs being Christian — Sherene Razack, Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims…, 90; Sikhs are mislabeled as Muslim and targeted by Islamophobia based on visual cues; Sikhs are consistently mislabeled as Muslims and targeted by Islamophobia (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Sikhs are consistently mislabeled as Muslims and targeted by Islamophobia #corroborates (0.95)
• Sikhs are mislabeled as Muslim and targeted by Islamophobia based on visual cues #exemplifies (0.92)
• Islamophobia’s racialized caricature victimizes non-Muslims, especially Sikhs #expands (0.90) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 119
• Visual misidentification of Sikhs reveals Muslim identity functions as race #expands (0.88)
• Anti-Muslim racism conflates Arabs and Muslims despite most Canadian Arabs being Christian #exemplifies (0.85) — Sherene Razack, Casting Out, 90
• Anti-Muslim harassment targets phenotypic and visual cues, racializing the faith #expands (0.85) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 519