Anti-Muslim racism contains internal contradictions and countervailing tendencies that resist neat causal models

Evidence

To be sure, the Racial Muslim construct cannot explain every individualized experience or exception. Nor do I claim direct causation between the four macro factors in my theoretical frame and anti-Muslim racism. Instead, this book explains how the multiple, complex factors intersected in the past to produce systematic discrimination by the state, political elites, and members of the public against immigrant Muslims in the United States in the post-9/11 era. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 74 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

The ideologies of racism remain contradictory structures, which can function both as the vehicles for the imposition of dominant ideologies, and as the elementary forms for the cultures of resistance. Any attempt to delineate the politics and ideologies of racism which omit these continuing features of struggle and contradiction win an apparent adequacy of explanation only by operating a disabling reductionism. — Hall, Stuart, Essential Essays, Volume 1, 638 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

To be sure, the racialization of Muslims was unstable and variable and took different forms at various moments in time. Even at a particular historical conjuncture, Orientalism was mediated in different ways in various spheres from politics to culture. This is because the “West” is not a monolith, there is therefore no singular production of those racialized by empire; anti-racism is also part of the mix. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 193 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of the causal factor Islamophobia — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 133; Anti-Muslim racialization is unstable, contested, and co-produced with anti-racism — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 193; Multiple intersecting macro factors, not single causes, produce systematic anti-Muslim discrimination — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 74 (+4 more)

Broader Connections

• Multiple intersecting macro factors, not single causes, produce systematic anti-Muslim discrimination #corroborates (0.85) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 74
• Anti-Muslim racialization is unstable, contested, and co-produced with anti-racism #corroborates (0.82) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 193
• Racist ideologies can be turned into vehicles of opposition and resistance #exemplifies (0.82) — Hall, Stuart, Essential Essays, Volume 1, 638
• Even denial statements about Muslim threat can partially activate anti-Muslim assumptions #exemplifies (0.75) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 589
• Anti-Muslim racism is the operationalization of the causal factor Islamophobia #complicates (0.73) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 133