Anti-communist legal machinery transfers intact onto racialized Muslim and later leftist targets.

Evidence

The threat of Communism and that of terrorism came together seamlessly. When the McCarran–Walter Act was repealed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government switched to the new “terrorist activities” provisions of the Immigration Act of 1990 to continue the case. It was finally thrown out in 2007. This case illustrates how the national security state adapts provisions originally designed to handle one threat to deal with new and evolving threats. The McCarran–Walter Act, COINTELPRO, and other such means of controlling Communists proved suitable for targeting racialized others as well. Moreover, mechanisms developed after 9/11 were then deployed against leaders of the Occupy Wall Street movement as well as environmental rights activists including Native Americans in Montana protesting the Keystone Pipeline. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 557

Categorization

• XREF: Directly answers the reader’s MOC question: names specific statutes (McCarran-Walter, COINTELPRO, Immigration Act 1990) as the transmission channels; sits on ch11’s ‘counter-subversive measures built for leftists get redeployed against Arab and Muslim Americans’ and then reverses the flow toward Occupy/Keystone. — connects to: Anti-communist legal machinery was adapted wholesale to target Muslims; Anti-communist control mechanisms are recycled to target each successive racialized or dissident group — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 557; The state adapts anti-communist tools to target racialized groups (+4 more)
• ADDENDUM: Relevant to the reader’s core thesis as supporting evidence but not one of the three listed published articles.

Broader Connections

• Counter-subversive measures built for leftists get redeployed against Arab and Muslim Americans #corroborates (0.95) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 631
• The state adapts anti-communist tools to target racialized groups #corroborates (0.92)
• Muslim racialization is structural and persists with political utility #expands (0.75) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 480
• Current Muslim targeting extends a long history of minority-religion racialization #expands (0.72)
• Structural utility, not ignorance, sustains Muslim racialization. #expands (0.70)