Races are produced by racism, not biology, through imperial practice

Evidence

A group of people viewed as a threat by the state and by lay people who subject Muslims and those who “look Muslim” to hate speech and hate crimes and call the authorities to report “terrorism tips” are part of a systemic project that race scholars Barbara and Karen Fields call racecraft and what sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant call racial formation. To be sure, the racial Muslim was not a new project of racialization, but one that was expanded and amplified in the aftermath of 9/11. What needs to be emphasized is that races are produced by racism. There is no biological basis for race. Races are made and produced through practices of exploitation, expropriation, and exclusion. Race is therefore understood in this book as both ideology and practice rooted in the political economy of empire. Empire creates the condition for anti-Muslim racism, and Islamophobia sustains empire. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 88

A group of people viewed as a threat by the state and by lay people who subject Muslims and those who “look Muslim” to hate speech and hate crimes and call the authorities to report “terrorism tips” are part of a systemic project that race scholars Barbara and Karen Fields call racecraft and what sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant call racial formation. … What needs to be emphasized is that races are produced by racism. There is no biological basis for race. Races are made and produced through practices of exploitation, expropriation, and exclusion. Race is therefore understood in this book as both ideology and practice rooted in the political economy of empire. Empire creates the condition for anti-Muslim racism, and Islamophobia sustains empire. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76

Categorization

• XREF: Directly bridges to the Aziz/Razack/Rana cluster on Islamophobia as imperial policy; also echoes Omi & Winant’s racial formation theory already arguably in the vault. — connects to: Race is a product of racism, not its cause. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 107; Races are produced by racism, not by biology — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 76; Racism generates race through repeated practice, not difference perception. (+9 more)
• ADDENDUM: The ‘Islamophobia sustains empire / empire creates the condition for anti-Muslim racism’ mutual-constitution point could feed the Grafting & Growth framing of systemic infrastructures, though tenuous.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 88; Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 76

Broader Connections

• Racism generates race through repeated practice, not difference perception. #corroborates (0.95)
• Race is a product of racism, so groups are racialized rather than racial. #corroborates (0.95) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 107
• Race exists only as a specter produced by racism, not as reality #corroborates (0.90)
• Racism is defined by its practice, not by intensity or rationalization #corroborates (0.82) — Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust, 189
• Social practice, not genetics, assigns mixed-ancestry persons to racial categories. #expands (0.82) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 675
• Race is a political and social construct, not a scientific category #expands (0.80)
• Race categories are historical and political, not pigment-based #corroborates (0.80) — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 232
• Race is social construction with real material consequences, not biology #corroborates (0.80) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 124
• Race is a modern construct disguised as ancient, not a premodern condition #expands (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, The Racial State, 61