Class position mediates how severely US Islamophobia affects Muslims

Evidence

Uyghur Muslim women locked away in Chinese prison camps must endure the intersecting fury of torture and sexual violence rooted in a genocidal project that rips them from their children. Their “Islamophobic intersection,” if you will, is dramatically unlike that of a French Algerian male in Paris, whose masculinity is marked with the suspicion of terrorism in a liberal state that criminalizes headscarves worn by his mother or sister—dimensions of the global Muslim experience that Khaled understands well, and brings to life in this book. Race, gender, location, the form of government in a host nation, and so much more determine the circumstances that Muslims occupy in countries across the globe unified by a War on Terror that spreads Islamophobia beyond borders and across intersections. — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 25 (#expands, via linked claim)

An historical exploration of British and American literature between 1690 and 1947 demonstrates the roots and qualities of Islamophobia that Britons and Americans have shared. Meanwhile significant differences between the perspectives found in the two countries demonstrate how these were fashioned by differing concerns about their own societies. In order to emphasize this difference, we choose to compare American views of Muslims with those found among Britons who had lived in India. In the latter context, predominantly white Christian Britons found themselves a minority in a land once ruled by successive Muslim rulers who left impressive vestiges of their once mighty empires. As a ruling elite, Britons had to adapt their Islamophobic inheritance to the exigencies of governing tens of millions of Muslims. In the United States, engagements with Muslims appeared to be a matter of international affairs alone, “Mohammedans” representing an “other” far more distant than the Jews, Catholics, and other religious minorities who lived among the Protestant majority. — Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Common Heritage, Uncommon Fear, 18 (#expands, via linked claim)

Patel also thinks that Europe, more so than the United States, faces difficult times ahead when it comes to Islamophobia. This is primarily due to added tensions around issues of class and education. Muslims in Europe occupy lower rungs on the socioeconomic ladder and possess lower education levels than Muslims in the United States, and this complicates their relationship with non-Muslims in Europe. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 709 (#responds-to, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: European Muslims’ lower class standing sharpens Islamophobia more than America’s — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 709; Islamophobia’s impact varies radically by race, gender, and host nation — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 25; Asian and American Islamophobia diverged according to each society’s domestic situation — Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Common Heritage, Uncommon Fear:…, 18

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia’s impact varies radically by race, gender, and host nation #expands (0.95) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 25
• European Muslims’ lower class standing sharpens Islamophobia more than America’s #responds-to (0.90) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 709
• Asian and American Islamophobia diverged according to each society’s domestic situation #expands (0.90) — Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Common Heritage, Uncommon Fear, 18