Anti-Muslim ideology produced no oppressive systems before postwar MENA empire

Evidence

Building on these scholars, I offer that even while Muslims were viewed in hostile ways in previous centuries, two further ingredients were needed—societies based on equal rights and the political economic domination of Muslim lands in the era of capitalist imperialism—for an ideology of racial alterity and inferiority to develop. The ability to colonize Muslim lands and to deny rights to the colonized created the conditions for modern anti-Muslim racism. No doubt, as Wolfe argues, earlier tropes were drawn upon in this project of racialization. However, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the production of Muslims as a race in its modern form were present only in the nineteenth century in the era of capitalist modernity. To be sure, the racialization of Muslims was unstable and variable and took different forms at various moments in time. Even at a particular historical conjuncture, Orientalism was mediated in different ways in various spheres from politics to culture. This is because the “West” is not a monolith, there is therefore no singular production of those racialized by empire; anti-racism is also part of the mix. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 193 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Pre-modern anti-Muslim prejudice laid racial groundwork without full racial ideology; Full-blown anti-Muslim racism required free-society ideology plus military dominance; Pre-modern Islam conquered and ruled but never produced a discipline like Orientalism — Wael Hallaq, Restating Orientalism: A Critique of…, 143 (+1 more)

Broader Connections

• Modern anti-Muslim racism required both rights-based societies and imperial domination #corroborates (0.90) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 193
• Pre-modern anti-Muslim prejudice laid racial groundwork without full racial ideology #qualifies (0.85)
• Full-blown anti-Muslim racism required free-society ideology plus military dominance #corroborates (0.85)
• Pre-modern Islam conquered and ruled but never produced a discipline like Orientalism #corroborates (0.80) — Wael Hallaq, Restating Orientalism, 143