Pre-modern anti-Muslim prejudice laid racial groundwork without full racial ideology
Evidence
Both groups, however, were turned into races both ideologically and in terms of practice. However, the idiom was still religious. This is therefore a form of protoracism rather than the full-blown racism of the secular and scientific kind seen in the nineteenth century. Moreover, as historian George Frederickson argues, what was believed to be inherited by blood was a “propensity to heresy or unbelief rather than intellectual or emotional inferiority.” — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 121
Categorization
Category: Causal Relationships
- XREF: Connects to the vault’s Islamophobia cluster — this is a historical genealogy feeding the claim that Islamophobia has deep pre-modern roots rather than being purely a post-9/11 construct.
Related
- Medieval anti-Muslim prejudice was protoracism, not full modern racism (similarity 0.90)
- Islamophobia predates its neologism as a racism tied to the history of race (similarity 0.84)
- Anti-Muslim racism cannot be understood only through recent U.S. racial formations (similarity 0.83)
- Anti-Muslim ideology produced no oppressive systems before postwar MENA empire (similarity 0.83)
- Modern scientific racism displaced religion from the race concept. (similarity 0.82)
- Anti-Muslim racism emerged from Old World-New World contact (similarity 0.82)
- Anti-Muslim racism contains internal contradictions and countervailing tendencies that resist neat causal models (similarity 0.82)
- Modern racism against Muslims required European military supremacy over Muslim empires (similarity 0.82)
- Islamophobia is rarely analyzed through the lens of race and racism. (similarity 0.82)
- Anti-Muslim racism is structurally rooted in empire, not individual prejudice (similarity 0.82)
- Islamophobia is structural racism rooted in empire, not religious intolerance (similarity 0.82)
- Modern anti-Muslim racism required both rights-based societies and imperial domination (similarity 0.81)
- Racial homogeneity assumptions enabled sweeping claims about the ‘Muslim mind’ (similarity 0.81)
- Full anti-Muslim racism required both Enlightenment freedom ideology and European military dominance (similarity 0.81)
- Racialization of Muslims is historically discontinuous and empire-contingent. (similarity 0.81)