Postwar anti-racism rejected only the biologistic version of race

Evidence

To be sure, the racial Muslim was not a new project of racialization, but one that was expanded and amplified in the aftermath of 9/11. What needs to be emphasized is that races are produced by racism. There is no biological basis for race. Races are made and produced through practices of exploitation, expropriation, and exclusion. Race is therefore understood in this book as both ideology and practice rooted in the political economy of empire. Empire creates the condition for anti-Muslim racism, and Islamophobia sustains empire. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Modood (1997), however, in my opinion goes too far in attempting to distinguish “cultural racism” from any connection with fixity or the biological and draws, too, a sharp opposition between “biological racism” and “cultural differentialism.” I think this misreading comes from not taking the discursive character of racism sufficiently into account. Modood is therefore misled into taking the biological referent in “biological racism” too literally. — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 395 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Even anti-racist scientists accepted fixed cultural essences of races; The end of formal racial subordination eliminated the structural basis for blatant biological racism — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3420; Racism scholarship’s biologistic paradigms long excluded anti-Muslim discrimination as unclassifiable — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 588 (+10 more)

Broader Connections

• Biological racism and cultural differentialism are racism’s two registers, not separate systems #complicates (0.76)
• Races are produced by racism, not by biology #complicates (0.74) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76
• Cultural and biological racisms cannot be sharply separated discursively #complicates (0.73) — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 395