Dijk, Pim van — Physiology, Psychoacoustics and Cognition in Normal and Impaired Hearing

1325 published claims from this book.

• A 25 ms masker-plus-signal window isolates the signal from efferent feedback.
• A 3 dB detectable SNR change is far too small to motivate intervention-seeking behavior
• A 3 dB SNR just-noticeable difference corresponds to a 26% intelligibility change in listeners.
• A 3-dB reduction in signal-to-noise ratio lowers intelligibility by 12%
• A 50 Hz envelope cutoff removes voicing periodic cues in vocoded speech
• A BMLD effect predicts SRM decline when mid-SNR components are deleted
• A compound action potential equals single-fibre waveform convolved with spike latency distribution
• A contralateral-efferent-inspired coding strategy enhances sound-source segregation for cochlear implant listeners
• A distant interferer tone can disrupt target detection via across-frequency MDI.
• A dysfunctional default-mode network links tinnitus with autism
• A filter-bank simulator lets normal-hearing listeners experience controlled hearing-impaired states
• A filterbank model can simulate hearing impairment in normal-hearing listeners
• A finger in the ear enables rapid 2-interval monaural-binaural loudness comparison
• A finger-tap ear occlusion enables rapid loudness matching within single trials
• A half-wave-rectified-threshold spike model encodes both envelope and fine structure in one mechanism.
• A hearing impairment simulator can isolate cochlear compression loss in normal-hearing listeners
• A higher required signal-to-noise ratio indicates worse speech-in-noise performance.
• A just-noticeable difference in signal-to-noise ratio does not guarantee subjective value
• A late eCAP firing component reflects excitation peripheral to the cell body
• A level-increment detection task isolates sensitivity to brief loudness changes.
• A minimal tone cloud can isolate statistical predictability as the sole cue
• A minimum 6 dB SNR change is needed to motivate people to seek intervention
• A model of consonant perception extracts modulation power from gammatone-filtered speech envelopes.
• A modified masking model predicts consonant recognition rates better than the original.
• A modulation filter bank may explain source grouping but remains unproven
• A multi-category psychometric function maps response category probabilities onto stimulus level
• A narrowband masker selectively taxes temporal coding in hearing-impaired listeners
• A normalized ratio quantifies the balance of excitation and suppression in auditory fibers
• A psychophysical detection threshold does not ensure subjective meaningfulness of the change
• A sealed box can simulate loudspeaker listening for cochlear implant testing
• A single EEG response can reveal which binaural pathway cochlear implant users rely on
• A single unit response profile cannot represent a degenerating nerve population
• A suppressor below masker threshold can reduce forward masking without itself masking the signal
• A surgically implanted device transmits sound directly to the brainstem to aid lip reading
• A tone matching the masker-signal spectral distance degrades beating-cue detection more than other interferers
• A weak musical pitch can exist without peripheral phase locking.
• Abrupt changes in interaural timing elicit cortical responses at 50, 100, and 175 ms
• Abrupt interaural phase changes evoke P1-N1-P2 cortical responses
• Abrupt ITD changes elicit auditory-evoked responses with distinct latencies
• Acoustic change detection may improve when listeners do not attend to the stimulus
• Acoustic textures can be modeled as tone clouds predictable only through their statistical properties
• Acoustic-tone and direct-pulse pitch ranking correlate strongly
• Acoustic-tone and direct-stimulation pitch tests yield highly correlated results
• Across-channel interference can be modelled by subtracting off-frequency filter energy
• Across-channel masking is modeled either by energy subtraction or by suppressing adjacent modulation frequencies.
• Across-fibre latency spread, not single-fibre shape, dominates the recorded compound response
• Across-talker variability dominates source-induced consonant perceptual distance at 51%
• Acted speech masks true effects of hearing loss on affect perception
• Action potential blocking can make louder cochlear implant stimuli evoke smaller responses
• Action potential blocking for cathodic stimuli would produce non-monotonic neural growth patterns.
• Activating the medial olivocochlear system reduces the asymmetry of SOAE bouncing
• Adaptive 3-down 1-up tracking with 2 dB steps estimates spectral ripple thresholds
• Adaptive loudness scaling needs only 30 trials versus 440
• Adaptive loudness scaling requires roughly 15 times fewer trials than fixed-level procedures.
• Adaptive staircase tracks the 70.7 percent correct point on the psychometric function
• Adaptive threshold tracking adjusts target level while holding masker constant
• Added masking noise prevents off-frequency cues in hearing experiments
• Adding a masker-proximal interferer raises detection thresholds for a diotic pure tone.
• Adults relearn spatial localization within six weeks of altered pinnae
• Affect encoding in speech is similar across closely related languages
• Affect perception is measured on arousal and valence dimensions rather than emotion labels
• Affective prosody is quantified via F0, intensity, articulation rate, and spectral slope.
• Age affects binaural fine-structure processing more than hearing loss does, beginning early in life.
• Age and hearing loss damage TFS but spare envelope cue processing
• Age differences in working memory’s relevance may stem from differing performance levels
• Age worsens ITD sensitivity only for high-frequency stimulation, not low-frequency.
• Age-linked decline in cochlear function stems from falling endocochlear potential
• Age-related correlations in auditory tasks may reflect frequency selectivity, not temporal coding.
• Age-related endocochlear loss hits basal thresholds harder than apical ones
• Age-related hearing decline begins even with clinically normal pure-tone audiograms
• Age-related hearing decline in noise begins while thresholds remain normal
• Age-related hearing difficulty in noise stems from reduced cochlear nonlinearity, not just thresholds
• Age-related presbycusis limits high-frequency hearing by the mid-twenties
• Age-related sensory decline offers a natural experiment for correlational analysis.
• Age-related temporal and level sensitivity decline precedes measurable hearing loss
• Age-related TFS decline correlates strongly with subtle absolute threshold variation even within normal hearing.
• Aging alone can widen frequency difference limens by two to four times
• Aging and hearing impairment raise thresholds for temporal and level-based lateralization cues.
• Aging degrades envelope-based binaural phase discrimination independent of hearing loss
• Aging impairs speech-in-noise ability beyond what hearing thresholds predict
• Aging reduces envelope processing efficiency but not temporal resolution.
• Aging significantly reduces cochlear gain estimates at multiple signal levels
• AL belt neurons encode auditory evidence that drives perceptual decisions
• AL neurons carry sensory evidence for pitch decisions while ML do not
• Amplification restores separated-condition speech thresholds but leaves a residual NH advantage.
• Amplitude-modulated tones and random-phase harmonic complexes define the two test stimulus families.
• Amplitude-modulated tones whose modulator and carrier frequencies are non-integer multiples produce a shifted spectrum.
• An 11-category loudness scale decomposes into 10 parameterized boundary curves.
• An attention check threshold of 35 percent false alarms discarded 2 of 12 subjects.
• An increasing sound appearance is more salient than a decreasing one in complex stimuli.
• An interaural phase transition in noise evokes a pitch sensation
• An interferer nearest the masker in frequency most strongly elevates signal thresholds.
• An oboe-like timbre is reproduced by four harmonics with exponentially decreasing amplitudes
• Angular range dominates hearing-driven motion detection over speed and duration.
• Angular range, not velocity, dominates barn owl auditory motion discrimination sensitivity
• Anodic and cathodic cochlear implant stimulation differ in efficiency between humans and animals
• Anodic current outperforms cathodic current in human cochlear implant users at suprathreshold levels
• Anodic stimulation exceeds cathodic at suprathreshold levels in human CI users
• ANSD impairs temporal processing while keeping cochlear amplification function intact
• ANSD listeners show near-normal frequency resolution while SNHL listeners have poor tuning sharpness
• ANSD patients have triple the temporal gap detection thresholds of normal listeners
• ANSD patients show near-normal frequency resolution while SNHL patients do not
• Anticipation and habituation bias method-of-limits threshold estimates
• Apparent links between temporal tasks may be confounded by frequency selectivity
• Apparent spatial deficits in hearing loss may really be audibility deficits
• Apparent temporal-coding correlations across tasks vanish once age effects are removed
• Appearance of a change is more salient than its removal in complex acoustic stimuli
• Appearance of new spectral content is more salient than its removal in complex sound
• Applying 10-Hz scalp current changed tone detection in line with current phase
• Arousal and valence are separable emotion dimensions rated independently.
• Arousal and valence perception require separate study designs
• Asymmetric pulse shapes amplify polarity sensitivity beyond symmetric pulses
• Asymmetric pulse shapes with long delayed phases are more electrically efficient than symmetric pulses
• Asymmetry in cochlear implant pulse shapes biases one polarity of stimulation to dominate.
• Attention modulates audiovisual binding only for low-coherence stimuli, not salient ones
• Attention to auditory fMRI stimuli is maintained by a deviant-counting task
• Attentional focus instructions can be experimentally manipulated to shift audiovisual integration during speech perception.
• Audibility equalization reduces but cannot eliminate hearing-loss effects on speech-in-speech
• Audibility is the greatest factor in hearing-loss communication difficulty
• Audiograms flatten the curved hearing threshold into a straight reference line
• Audiometric pure-tone thresholds predict speech intelligibility even after sensitivity adjustment
• Audiovisual context coherence strengthens perceptual binding of speech syllables
• Audiovisual fusion is context-modulated, not automatic, and scales with audio-video coherence
• Audiovisual speech fusion is not an automatic process but context-modulated.
• Auditory brainstem responses to cochlear implants are recorded from occipital scalp sites.
• Auditory change detection integrates statistical evidence accumulated over time
• Auditory chimera technique swaps envelope and fine structure across frequency channels
• Auditory cortex activation linearly reflects perceived loudness rather than physical intensity
• Auditory cortex in deaf brains gets recruited by visual stimuli, harming later implant success.
• Auditory detection of near-threshold sounds depends on the phase of ongoing brain oscillations.
• Auditory filters do not broaden with age in normal-hearing ears
• Auditory frequency analysis uses equivalent rectangular bandwidth units of fixed duration
• Auditory models can isolate single hearing-loss components that interact in real patients
• Auditory modulation frequency selectivity allows inherent masker fluctuations to be separated from beating-induced ones.
• Auditory motion can be simulated by fading between adjacent loudspeakers.
• Auditory motion direction detection requires much larger angular sweeps than static sound localization does.
• Auditory motion perception is not computed from endpoint comparisons
• Auditory motion tracking requires short time constants, but measured values vary by method
• Auditory nerve degeneration shortens spike latency and enlarges the second discharge peak
• Auditory nerve fibers maintain stimulus phase but vary absolute spike timing
• Auditory nerve fibers skip cycles, uncoupling spike timing from firing rate
• Auditory nerve spike peaks repeat at intervals set by the neuron’s best frequency
• Auditory nerve spike PSTH peaks recur at 2π phase intervals tied to best frequency
• Auditory neurons become increasingly selective for complex sounds along the ventral pathway
• Auditory neuropathy elevates gap detection thresholds threefold above normal
• Auditory neuropathy presents with milder hearing loss than sensorineural loss yet worse temporal processing
• Auditory neuropathy severely impairs fine-structure processing while preserving envelope use
• Auditory pathway neural activity linearly encodes perceived loudness, not sound level
• Auditory perception performance varies with the phase of external rhythmic brain stimulation
• Auditory scene analysis segregates sound first and forms percepts later
• Auditory spiketrain periodicities can encode both envelope and fine structure
• Auditory textures are stimuli whose only predictability lies in their statistical structure
• Autocorrelation pitch schemes lack neural evidence for periodicity-tuned neurons
• Band-widening suppression studies show inconsistent age effects on suppression
• Barn owl ITD maps rely on regulated phase delays, not absolute latencies.
• Barn owls can be trained to report acoustic motion direction changes
• Barn owls distinguish sound motion only across spans far exceeding their static localization acuity
• Baseline pupil dilation already differs before any target word because degraded listening is effortful
• Basilar membrane gain is low-pass filtered before it acts.
• Basilar membrane responses show asymmetric attack and decay dynamics at high beat rates
• Behavioral decision weights track cochlear fine-structure depth independent of spontaneous emissions
• Behavioral suppression is measured as masker-threshold shift caused by the suppressor
• Best-aligned inferior colliculus activation pairs correspond to maximum BIC amplitude.
• Best-phase alignment compensates for inter-individual shifts in neural response phase
• Better lab localization thresholds may not translate into real-life benefit
• Better speech-in-noise ability correlated with worse brainstem encoding
• BIC amplitude does not correlate with interaural pitch comparison outcomes.
• BIC-based electrode pairing is validated against psychoacoustic pitch and timing measures
• Bilateral CI experience may sharpen pitch tuning via acclimatization or plasticity.
• Bilateral hearing aids use reduced gain due to loudness summation
• Binary spectral masking selects target components based on local SNR thresholds
• Binaural brainstem neurons compare only interaurally place-matched inputs.
• Binaural cue methods agree on electrode mismatch while pitch matching does not
• Binaural detection advantages act on small spectro-temporal units, not whole frequency bands
• Binaural detection advantages do not drive the spatial speech benefit in multitalker settings
• Binaural detection benefits are modeled as noise-floor reduction in each frequency band.
• Binaural interaction components show statistically significant electrode tuning in humans
• Binaural listening improves source audibility by 0–8 dB in multi-source scenes
• Binaural localization accuracy depends on monaural coding efficiency before interaural comparison
• Binaural loudness constancy depends on residual low-frequency cues and knowledge of ear occlusion
• Binaural loudness constancy is partly physical and partly cognitive in origin
• Binaural loudness constancy operates independently of stimulus type
• Binaural loudness may exhibit constancy across conditions
• Binaural loudness summation is not a simple sum of the two ears.
• Binaural loudness summation shrinks dramatically when one ear is occluded in a sound field.
• Binaural masking level differences shrink 2-4 dB with age at normal hearing thresholds
• Binaural masking release is 2 to 4 dB smaller in older listeners
• Binaural masking release is modeled as within-band noise floor reduction
• Binaural phase disparities improve tone detection by up to 25 dB.
• Binaural processing can be modeled by equalisation-cancellation followed by low-pass filtering
• Binaural release of masking acts on spectro-temporal units, not frequency channels
• Binaural sound is judged louder than the same sound heard monaurally
• Binaural sound localization depends on ear-level temporal and intensity encoding efficiency
• Binaural spatial benefit and SNR degradation act independently on intelligibility
• Binaural temporal fine structure sensitivity declines by middle age independently of hearing thresholds
• Binaural TFS sensitivity declines with age even when audiograms are normal
• BMLD detection advantages may operate at spectro-temporal unit level, not just per frequency band.
• BMLDs are smaller for older listeners by 2 to 4 dB
• Bone-conducted sound substantially contributes to hearing with an occluded ear.
• Both anodic and cathodic stimulus phases can elicit auditory nerve responses
• Both auditory and cognitive factors determine intelligibility in noise
• Both hearing loss and age degrade monaural fine-structure processing, with hearing loss dominant.
• Both models mispredict how near an interferer must sit to raise detection thresholds.
• Both models overpredict consonant confusions that listeners do not actually make.
• Both spectral sparsity and lack of fluctuations in a masker release speech from masking
• Both working memory and speech-in-noise ability decline with age.
• Brain activity can be measured optically because haemoglobin absorbs near-infrared light differently when oxygenated.
• Brain activity drives opposing concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• Brain efferents can dynamically adjust cochlear gain during listening
• Brain plasticity can make pitch-matching data misleadingly good in CI users
• Brainstem and steady-state responses measure audibility but not hearing ability.
• Brainstem efferent signals shorten the hearing Bounce
• Brainstem encoding accuracy declines with age only for modulated tones
• Brainstem encoding strength is quantified by cross-correlating stimulus envelope with neural response
• Brainstem entracking neurons fire one spike per stimulus cycle
• Brainstem entracking produces horizontal ‘butte’ rate-place profiles encoding pitch
• Brainstem envelope-following responses can index neural coding of periodicity and envelope
• Brainstem firing rate depends on absolute frequency, unlike the auditory nerve
• Brainstem response fidelity to stimuli can be measured via cross-correlation
• Brainstem responses can be quantified by correlation against the stimulus’s Hilbert envelope
• Brainstem threshold responses cannot predict a patient’s functional hearing ability.
• Brief incoherent audiovisual contexts reduce the McGurk effect by decreasing visual weight.
• Broadband gain fails to compensate for non-flat hearing-loss audiograms
• Broadband masking can compare filter-widening harm against temporal-coding harm
• Broadband sounds decompose into a slow envelope riding a fast temporal fine structure carrier.
• Broadened frequency tuning correlates with loss of suppression in auditory nerve fibers
• Broader cochlear filters preserve envelope modulation power while electrode summation in CIs reduces it
• Broader cochlear filters shift noise modulation power away from speech-relevant low frequencies
• Calcium oscillations in outer hair cells drive the hearing Bounce
• Categorical loudness data is probabilistic, not reducible to a median response curve.
• Categorical loudness measurements use fixed repeated stimuli spanning the dynamic range
• Categorical loudness scaling offers a clinically rapid, low-training test of suprathreshold hearing
• Categorical loudness scaling tests present eleven labeled response categories as on-screen bars.
• Categorical loudness scaling uses labeled bars from Not Heard to Too Loud
• Categorical phonetic features encode EEG information the speech envelope lacks
• Cathodic action potentials may block centrally at high current, explaining polarity effects
• Cathodic current pulses produce larger neural responses than anodic ones
• Cathodic pulse superiority holds across all four tested pulse shapes
• Cathodic pulses are more efficient in animals but anodic pulses in humans
• Cathodic pulses produce larger cochlear implant responses than anodic pulses across pulse shapes
• Cellular synaptic timing parameters determine a neuron’s preferred modulation frequency
• Change detection in statistical sounds relies on predicting statistics rather than exact occurrences
• Change detection in stochastic textures depends on statistical prediction rather than spectrotemporal predictability
• Change-detection hit rates rise along an invariant cumulative Erlang-shaped curve.
• Change-detection sensitivity rises with observation time but stays low for small changes.
• Charge-balanced asymmetric waveforms reduce the current needed to elicit hearing in cochlear implant users.
• Chronic tinnitus prevents the brain from entering the resting state normally.
• CI electrode pairing experiments begin by loudness-balancing across the two ears.
• CI users’ cortical language organization correlates with lip-reading and speech understanding
• Classical d’ analysis fails in dynamic decision tasks where outcomes unfold over time
• Click detectability depends on which half of a 4-Hz stimulation cycle it falls in
• Click stimuli achieve neural timing precision of about twenty microseconds
• Clicks evoke oscillatory multi-peaked neural responses even for temporally precise stimulation
• Clinical significance of hearing gains is measured by patients’ motivation to seek care
• Closing one ear barely changes perceived loudness of live speech
• Cochlear amplifier gain oscillates via underdamped OHC calcium cycling
• Cochlear compression can be cancelled in simulation while keeping the audiogram matched.
• Cochlear compression delay implies automatic gain control circuitry
• Cochlear compression makes response gain peak near the moment of maximal two-tone cancellation
• Cochlear compression may protect AM detection against added background noise
• Cochlear compression operates via a gain control with finite attack and release times.
• Cochlear compression shows hysteresis with faster attack than decay at high modulation rates.
• Cochlear device users benefit less from electrode deactivation than AB and MEDEL users
• Cochlear emission measurements could aid clinical speech-in-noise diagnosis
• Cochlear envelope gain is low-pass filtered and decreases with faster beats
• Cochlear gain control tracks intensity changes only up to about 1 kHz
• Cochlear gain declines with age before measurable threshold elevation appears
• Cochlear gain loss can compensate for temporal coding deficits in AM detection
• Cochlear gain loss may paradoxically enhance modulation sensitivity in broadband noise
• Cochlear gain reduction via efferents is sharply tuned with a 1300 Hz bandwidth.
• Cochlear hearing loss independently degrades binaural processing of temporal fine structure
• Cochlear hearing loss raises interaural time discrimination thresholds independent of age
• Cochlear hearing loss spares amplitude modulation detection but distorts perceived fluctuation depth
• Cochlear hearing loss spares envelope processing but amplifies perceived fluctuation via recruitment
• Cochlear hearing loss spares the binaural processing of envelope cues
• Cochlear implant electrode deactivation produces inconclusive and strategy-dependent results
• Cochlear implant fitting parameters remain largely unexplored for n-of-m strategies
• Cochlear implant growth functions can behave non-monotonically near the top of the dynamic range
• Cochlear implant input-output functions can be non-monotonic at high levels
• Cochlear implant re-mapping deactivates poorly placed electrodes to improve spectral resolution.
• Cochlear implant stimuli use charge-balanced biphasic pulses at around 20 pulses per second.
• Cochlear implant strategies should aim to restore F0-synchronized profiles, not stimulus spectra
• Cochlear implant testing used four pulse shapes favoring either cathodic or anodic stimulation
• Cochlear implant users may lack cocktail-party processing benefits of the MOCR
• Cochlear implant users show weaker inter-hemispheric resting connectivity than normal-hearing listeners
• Cochlear implant users with poor speech understanding show little left-hemisphere language activity.
• Cochlear implants enable experimental control of the olivocochlear reflex unavailable in normal hearing
• Cochlear implants give good speech recognition in quiet but poor performance in noise
• Cochlear irregularity measured via otoacoustic emissions could predict individual listening decision weights
• Cochlear neuropathy and gain loss impair different intensity ranges of hearing
• Cochlear neuropathy and gain loss may push AM detection in opposite directions
• Cochlear neuropathy harms supra-threshold encoding because noise targets high-threshold auditory fibers
• Cochlear nonlinearities establish F0-synchronized firing patterns that the midbrain converts into rate codes
• Cochlear nonlinearity models must reproduce finite-timescale compression dynamics
• Cochlear nucleus neurons need wide bandwidths and multi-stage convergence to entrack pitch
• Cochlear otoacoustic emissions measurably shift behavioral thresholds, selectivity, and loudness
• Cochlear region and stimulation intensity systematically change human eCAP component parameters
• Cochlear suppression declines with age in both high-side and low-side components
• Cochlear suppression is essential for coding complex sounds but poorly characterized in hearing loss
• Cochlear-implant users show no sensitivity to inherent noise envelope fluctuations
• Cognitive abilities affect speech-in-noise perception situation-specifically while hearing thresholds act uniformly
• Coherent auditory perception requires both dorsal spatial and ventral identity processing
• Coincidence detection latencies are set by Hebbian learning then fine-tuned modulo the cycle.
• Colocated speech thresholds are unaffected by audibility-driven amplification, unlike separated ones.
• Combined psychoacoustic and envelope-following-response measures can dissociate hearing-loss subtypes
• Comparing linear off-frequency and compressive on-frequency maskers estimates cochlear gain
• Comparing syllable-level dips against whole-word level changes isolates peripheral compression effects
• Compensating hearing-impaired listeners relies on incomplete audiogram data at extreme frequencies
• Competing audiovisual and audio-only sources can be experimentally arranged to test integration
• Complex conversational understanding engages working memory where isolated word recognition does not
• Complex high-frequency tones evoke pitch where pure tones fail above 6 kHz.
• Complex tones above 6 kHz retain musical pitch while pure tones do not.
• Complex-tone pitch tracks the spectral pitch of lower components
• Compression loss most impairs recognition when a syllable is relatively quieter than its neighbors.
• Compression’s masking-growth effect extends from pure tones to broadband speech
• Computer models of vowel perception can predict cochlear implant user outcomes
• Consonant confusions shift with noise type, filtering, and vowel context.
• Consonant identification variability shifts from token-level to listener-level as SNR falls
• Consonant perception can be modeled by matching noisy test signals to talker-specific speech templates.
• Consonant perception varies substantially even across repeated tokens of one talker.
• Consonant recognition errors concentrate at low signal-to-noise ratios.
• Contralateral dominance weakens at cortical stages due to commissural connections
• Contralateral efferent inhibition amplifies interaural level differences
• Contralateral efferent inhibition of compression amplifies inter-aural level differences
• Contralateral stimuli explain auditory brain activity better than ipsilateral ones
• Control audiovisual stimuli yield near-perfect recognition rates in normal hearing
• Conversation tolerance rises by one only after 3-4 dB SNR improvement
• Correlations between brain regions require removal of shared physiological noise.
• Correlograms track how interspike-interval statistics change over time in cochlear nucleus responses
• Cortical BOLD responses grow nonlinearly with sound intensity, steepening at high levels
• Cortical BOLD responses track perceived loudness linearly but show steepening at high levels
• Cortical intensity encoding becomes ear-independent through strong interhemispheric connections
• Cortical responses to sound are stronger from the opposite ear than the same-side ear
• Counterbalancing trade-offs force experimenters to choose which comparison gets protected from bias
• Cranial electrode placement can target both auditory cortices homophasically with matched circuits
• Cross-modal brain plasticity from deafness variably helps or harms cochlear implant outcomes
• CT-guided electrode deactivation benefits only half of cochlear implant users
• Cubic distortion products remain unchanged after low-frequency sound exposure
• Cue type but not reference angle affected hearing-impaired localization acuity
• Current hearing aids cannot produce SNR improvements exceeding the meaningful-benefit threshold in real environments.
• Cutting silent gaps over 100 ms makes audio books into continuous speech streams.
• DCOAE extraction isolates the f2 cochlear site from fine-structure contamination
• DCOAE measurements isolate the f2 site free of fine structure
• Deactivating cochlear electrodes with indistinct pitch responses improves speech perception for most users
• Deactivating cochlear implant electrodes based on pitch ranking worsens spectral resolution without improving speech.
• Deactivating discriminable electrodes controls whether benefit comes from channel count or pitch quality
• Deactivating electrodes can shift frequency-to-electrode mapping and worsen perception
• Deactivating electrodes improves consonant but worsens vowel perception in ACE users
• Deactivating indiscriminable implant electrodes fails to improve and even worsens perception
• Deactivating multiple cochlear implant electrodes can worsen rather than improve hearing
• Deactivating multiple electrodes can worsen rather than improve information precision.
• Deactivating multiple implant electrodes can worsen frequency information transmission
• Deactivating pitch-redundant electrodes may benefit some implant users but not others
• Deactivating too few channels fails to show performance differences in n-of-m CI strategies
• Deaf CI users recruit the temporal voice area for visual lip-reading
• Deafness lowers then slowly raises auditory cortex metabolism with duration
• Deafness reroutes sensory processing so other modalities recruit auditory brain regions
• Decision-weight correlations with OAEs do not require detectable spontaneous otoacoustic emissions
• Deconvolution mathematically amplifies high-frequency noise, requiring careful filtering of recordings.
• Deconvolution of compound responses reveals two firing components invisible in raw waveforms
• Deconvolution of electrically evoked CAPs can reveal neural health of the auditory nerve.
• Deconvolution reveals firing components invisible in raw eCAP waveforms
• Deconvolved nerve-response parameters depend heavily on the assumed unit response waveform
• Deconvolving the eCAP reveals two separate auditory nerve firing components.
• Default filter reallocation can corrupt spectral information after deactivation
• Degenerated nerve processes make anodic stimulation more effective
• Degraded binaural processing explains older listeners’ difficulty separating speech from spatial noise.
• Degraded speech delays lexical competition toward phonological competitors by about 300 ms
• Degraded speech delays semantic integration and blocks contextual relief of effort
• Degraded speech processing raises baseline cognitive effort independently of semantic context
• Degraded TFS processing underlies older adults’ difficulty hearing speech in noise
• Detectability alone fails to capture what hearing benefit users deem meaningful
• Detecting a repeated pattern does not enable its use in transposed comparisons
• Detecting oddball patterns among transposed phrases is hard even for musicians
• Detecting statistical changes in sound improves with listening time and change size
• Detection can be modeled as cross-correlation of the signal template with actual activity
• Detection is modeled as cross-correlating a stored supra-threshold template with the actual activity pattern.
• Detection of statistical change requires temporal integration of the marginal distribution
• Deviant intervals were always four semitones and thus the difference was always 1-3 semitones
• Deviant pitch patterns were detected from the last interval of a six-tone sequence.
• Deviant-pattern detection required discriminating penultimate versus final patterns.
• Deviant-tone-pattern detection trials present four six-tone patterns with one interval altered.
• Deviation detection worsens as pattern intervals vary more.
• Dichotic harmonic presentation boosts resolvability beyond what temporal interaction models predict
• Different adaptive-threshold algorithms yield different threshold estimates
• Different auditory measures require different anesthetic protocols in the chinchilla model.
• Differential metrics can separate cochlear gain loss from temporal coding deficits in hearing loss
• Difficult change-detection tasks exclude some normal-hearing listeners entirely
• Diotic phase-shift controls rule out monaural sources of interaural-phase responses
• Direct neuron-perception comparisons for acoustic motion have been lacking in one species
• Directed attention only boosts audiovisual integration for sentence-level contexts
• Directional source allocation, not binaural unmasking, explains spatial release
• Discarding high-power segments suppresses subject-generated noise in otoacoustic recordings
• Discarding low-SNR speech components affects binaural intelligibility
• Distinct brain regions process sound intensity versus perceived loudness differently
• DLF thresholds reflect temporal fine structure processing, not frequency selectivity
• Dominant pitch models derive pitch from auditory nerve spike timing.
• Down-shifted Weinrich cues improve MAA in hearing-impaired listeners by about ten degrees
• DPOAE thresholds measure peripheral function unaffected by auditory nerve deficits
• Dynamic profile comparison reveals statistical processing that static tasks cannot.
• Dynamic spectral-comparison tasks reveal integration processes static tests miss
• Dynamic statistical texture perception differs from static spectral profile analysis
• Dynamic time warping measures the distance between internal speech representations.
• Each listener has a stable, individual weighting of frequencies when hearing speech in noise
• Early-elderly listeners show temporal sensitivity decline before audiometric loss appears.
• EEG phase-modulation response amplitude depends jointly on rate and phase size
• Efferent cochlear gain reduction is frequency-selective around the signal frequency.
• Efferent cochlear gain reduction is greatest when the precursor matches the signal frequency
• Efferent effects extend 0.5-2 octaves around the probe frequency.
• Efferent gain effects were mapped by precursors swept across nine centre frequencies
• Efferent gain reduction is strongest for tones near the target characteristic frequency.
• Efferent stimulation maximally suppresses basilar membrane vibration near the characteristic frequency
• Efferent suppression is sometimes asymmetric, peaking for elicitors below the probe
• Efferent-mediated binaural enhancement builds up over tens of milliseconds after stimulus onset.
• EFR metrics capture hearing loss aspects beyond pure audiometric thresholds
• EFR signal quality is quantified by response-to-prestimulus RMS ratio
• EFR slope across modulation depth reflects supra-threshold temporal coding fidelity
• Electrical cochlear stimulation produces faster, larger neural responses than acoustic stimulation
• Electrically evoked ABRs have shorter latencies and larger amplitudes than acoustic ABRs
• Electrically evoked auditory nerve responses fit Gaussian rather than gamma latency distributions
• Electrically evoked compound action potentials show skewed quasi-bimodal latency distributions
• Electrode deactivation benefits CIS users more than ACE or SPEAK users
• Electrode deactivation outcomes depend on stimulation rate and filter allocation differences
• Electrode deactivation worsens spectral resolution despite unchanged stimulation rate
• Electrode pairs are judged discriminable by binomial significance on pitch ranking
• Electrode pairs are judged discriminable only when performance exceeds chance
• Electrophysiological stimulus encoding declines with age only for modulated stimuli, not harmonic tones
• Elevated hearing thresholds and lower LDLs compress loudness category spacing horizontally.
• Emotion in speech can be measured on arousal and valence dimensions rather than categories
• Emotion in speech is conveyed through pitch, intensity, and tempo
• Energy-based and modulation-based models predict consonant recognition but not confusions.
• Energy-based models of modulation filterbanks fail to predict interferer effects on detection
• Enhanced cues still leave hearing-impaired MAA far above normal-hearing performance
• Enhanced pinna cues only partially close the spatial-resolution gap in hearing-impaired listeners
• Entracking codes low-frequency pitch through uniform firing across neurons while high-frequency firing varies
• Entracking creates flat firing-rate profiles orthogonal to tonotopic organization.
• Entracking creates flat rate plateau codes that supplant tonotopic place codes
• Entracking neurons keep firing rate clamped to stimulus frequency across SPLs
• Entracking neurons respond best to low-frequency tail tones rather than their characteristic frequency.
• Entracking neurons respond to amplitude modulation with rate scaling linearly with modulation frequency
• Entrained cortical oscillations modulate perception via phase alignment
• Envelope and fine structure are mathematically orthogonal but not perceptually independent
• Envelope and temporal fine structure are mathematically orthogonal and independently extractable via Hilbert transform
• Envelope and temporal fine structure exist at three distinct processing levels
• Envelope vocoders simulate cochlear implant processing by splitting sound into amplitude-modulated subbands
• Envelope-following response measures capture hearing aspects beyond the audiometric threshold
• Envelope-insensitive phonetic EEG indices may monitor cochlear-implant patients’ phonetic discrimination.
• Envelope-peak-based pitch coding relaxes the phase-locking constraint on auditory processing
• Even enlarged pinna cues leave hearing-impaired localization far below normal
• Even musically trained listeners struggle to spot transposed oddball melodic phrases
• Even trained musicians have great difficulty detecting deviant melodic patterns under transposition
• Evoked auditory responses share morphology whether stimulated acoustically or electrically
• Exact repetition allows direct pitch comparison whereas transposition forces interval processing
• Exact repetition builds a template that improves subsequent transposition performance
• Experienced listeners preserve octave judgment precision at 5 kHz where phase locking degrades.
• Explicit attention reveals context-duration effects on McGurk binding
• Exponential change-time distributions prevent listeners from exploiting timing strategies.
• Exponential change-time distributions prevent timing strategies in detection tasks
• Exponential change-time distributions require logarithmically expanding bins for equal trial counts.
• Exposure to low-coherence audiovisual contexts reduces subsequent multisensory fusion
• Faster-fluctuating sounds trigger less cochlear compression, trading sensitivity for better dynamic encoding
• Feedback was given only during practice, not during scored test blocks.
• Filter widening preserves Rayleigh envelope statistics while electrode-current summation does not.
• Filtered-target and filtered-noise experiments reveal SNR floor and ceiling limits
• Filtering high frequencies of speech does not hurt intelligibility beyond a modest cutoff
• Filtering target or masker shifts SRTs until SNR effects asymptote
• Fine structure dominates lexical tone perception in normal hearing but is lost in ANSD
• Fine-structure cues carry Mandarin tone perception, not envelope cues
• Fine-structure depths predict decision weights independently of spontaneous emissions
• Finger occlusion of one ear leaves perceived loudness of real external sounds nearly unchanged
• fMRI can map how sound intensity and loudness interact across the auditory pathway
• fNIRS could predict cochlear implant outcomes before surgery because it is non-invasive and low-cost
• fNIRS imaging depth is about half the source-detector separation distance
• fNIRS only images near-surface cortex because depth is spatially limited
• fNIRS samples a banana-shaped brain region roughly halfway between source and detector.
• Formal musical training and playing experience both improve deviant-tone pattern detection
• Formal musical training improves relative pitch pattern detection
• Formant extraction from cochlear implant electrodograms stays robust across users at low noise
• Formant frequencies are encoded by F0 fluctuation amplitude across auditory nerve fibres.
• Formant frequency coding relies on F0 fluctuation contrast across fibers
• Forward temporal structure is essential to auditory scene analysis.
• Four-frequency average hearing loss correlates strongly with age
• Free-field low-frequency sound causes SOAE bouncing without ear canal occlusion
• Free-field low-frequency sound from natural or man-made sources elicits SOAE bouncing
• Frequency difference limens index temporal fine structure processing at low and medium frequencies.
• Frequency discrimination worsens with age even when audiometric thresholds stay normal
• Frequency selectivity, not temporal processing, drives age-related declines in Huggins-pitch thresholds.
• Frontal space yields better auditory motion discrimination than lateral space
• Fused McGurk percepts take longer to process than matching audiovisual syllables
• Gain loss boosts modulation sensitivity in noise despite reduced temporal coding
• Gaze fixations to phonological competitors can expose how context shapes lexical competition.
• Gestalt grouping principles predict relative pitch perception performance
• Good CI speech understanding tracks left-hemisphere language network activation while poor understanding does not
• Group delay audibility threshold is 1.6 to 2 milliseconds
• Guinea pig cochlear implant sensitivity is measured via inferior colliculus evoked potentials
• Harmonically shifted complex tones isolate fine structure cues while holding envelope constant
• Head-shadow ILDs and efferent gain inhibition combine to drive the cocktail-party effect
• Healthy band-enhanced IC neurons respond between formants not at them
• Healthy band-enhanced midbrain cells encode formants as rate valleys via synchrony capture
• Hearing aid gain is capped by loudness discomfort before full audibility restoration is achieved.
• Hearing aid non-use follows from undetectable or unimportant speech-in-noise changes
• Hearing aid use restores arousal perception but shifts cue weighting
• Hearing aid users’ affect perception is tested aided and unaided against normal-hearing controls
• Hearing aids cannot deliver speech-in-noise gains that users can perceive or value
• Hearing aids improve intelligibility but may not restore emotion perception
• Hearing aids normalize affect ratings across differing hearing loss severities
• Hearing aids rarely deliver meaningful speech-intelligibility benefits exceeding their detectability
• Hearing aids should restore F0-synchrony profiles not stimulus spectra
• Hearing analyzes pitch through both place and timing mechanisms
• Hearing benefit ratings are inflated for second-presented sentences due to an order effect
• Hearing clear speech afterwards makes a previously unintelligible noise-vocoded stream more intelligible.
• Hearing clear speech primes subsequent degraded-same-speech recognition
• Hearing experiments track performance as accuracy or d-prime sensitivity measures
• Hearing impairment makes fine high-frequency pinna cues imperceptible
• Hearing is highly sensitive to temporal changes in sound
• Hearing loss compresses category curves but can preserve sharp perceptual boundaries.
• Hearing loss correlates strongly with age across a 71-person sample.
• Hearing loss degrades formant coding by weakening synchrony capture across auditory-nerve fibres
• Hearing loss degrades prosodic information because listeners must rely on auditory-only channels
• Hearing loss flips midbrain neural encoding of vowels from contrast to energy spectrum
• Hearing loss impairs pinna-cue discrimination for vertical sound localization
• Hearing loss reduces cochlear suppression and compressive nonlinearity together
• Hearing loss severity drives listeners toward alternative acoustic cues for arousal
• Hearing sensitivity alone cannot explain speech-in-noise difficulties
• Hearing thresholds add almost no predictive power beyond age and encoding measures
• Hearing thresholds affect intelligibility uniformly while cognition acts situation-specifically
• Hearing-aid non-use often results from benefits being undetectable or unimportant
• Hearing-impaired deficits persist even when only energetic glimpses are presented
• Hearing-impaired ears can outperform normal ears at amplitude modulation detection
• Hearing-impaired level just-noticeable-differences are about 1 to 2 dB
• Hearing-impaired listeners benefit less from masker fluctuation when spectral resolution is degraded
• Hearing-impaired listeners cannot perceive fine high-frequency pinna spectral details
• Hearing-impaired listeners in these tests had moderate symmetric sloping losses
• Hearing-impaired listeners need a 15 dB UCL-to-threshold gap for audible amplified stimuli
• Hearing-impaired listeners retain partial sensitivity to inherent noise fluctuations, unlike CI users
• Hearing-impaired listeners’ poor spatial hearing may not reflect actual spatial-processing deficits.
• Hearing-impaired patients with loudness recruitment could disentangle intensity and loudness encoding.
• Hearing-impaired speech deficits stem from using glimpsed information, not spatial processing
• Hearing-impaired subjects localized via pinna frequency shaping, not level differences
• Hearing-impairment simulators can independently manipulate age-related audiogram loss and compression loss
• Hearing-loss compensation boosts stimulus level 15 dB above threshold per band
• Hearing-loss filter broadening preserves envelope statistics but CI current spread does not.
• High speech level worsens NH performance and shrinks PT-MT masker differences
• High- and low-side suppression likely arise from different cochlear mechanisms.
• High- and low-side suppression rest on different cochlear mechanisms
• High-coherence stimuli bind pre-attentively while low-coherence ones need attention.
• High-frequency ITD sensitivity is studied via envelope cues using transposed stimuli
• High-frequency transposed stimuli make auditory-nerve firing phase-lock to a low-frequency modulator
• High-side suppression diminishes or disappears with age
• High-side two-tone suppression is lost in some hearing-impaired fibers but low-side suppression persists.
• High-side two-tone suppression is lost while low-side suppression survives outer-hair-cell damage.
• Higher auditory thresholds predict smaller low-side suppression only at high signal levels
• Higher working-memory capacity predicts better speech-in-noise identification in hearing-impaired listeners
• Hit rate, d-prime, and reaction time jointly index change detection difficulty
• Holding stimuli constant while varying perceptual reports can dissociate sensory from perceptual neural activity
• How binaural loudness summation is measured changes the measured effect by several dB
• How feedforward and feedback signals shape auditory perception remains unknown
• Huggins pitch and temporal-structure tasks share variance that ITD lateralization does not.
• Human auditory processing is tuned for continuous speech, not isolated discrete sounds
• Human efferent reflex tuning spans about half an octave around the signal
• Human efferent tuning measured psychoacoustically matches otoacoustic-emission measures
• Humans integrate stimulus statistics to detect statistical changes in complex sounds
• Ideal audio reproduction tolerates delay and gain because systems are causal
• Ideal binary masking isolates time-frequency tiles where target dominates masker
• Ideal binary masks identify target-dominant time-frequency tiles for glimpse resynthesis
• Impaired temporal resolution degrades fine-structure pitch processing more than reduced frequency selectivity does
• Improving an already-clear SNR does not motivate people to seek hearing treatment
• Improving speech intelligibility via noise reduction outweighs equivalent improvement of the target signal.
• In human eCAP testing maximum stimulation means the loudest acceptable loudness
• Incidental attention may improve detection of statistical change in sound textures
• Incidental listening may improve statistical change detection over attention
• Increasing sensorineural hearing loss shifts tone perception from fine structure to envelope cues
• Increasing spectral contrast enhancement worsens cochlear implant performance.
• Increasing spectral contrast enhancement worsens vowel identification in CI users
• Individual listeners differ in which abilities support their speech perception per situation
• Individual listening styles partially stem from cochlear micromechanical irregularities rather than attention alone
• Individual loudness functions link psychoacoustic scaling to fMRI stimulus conditions
• Individual normal-hearing listeners differ greatly yet each is internally consistent in consonant perception.
• Inferior colliculus electrical responses mirror acoustic response morphology
• Inferior colliculus may compensate for reverberation via inter-aural correlation.
• Inferior colliculus neurons divide into BE, BS, and hybrid MTF types
• Inferior colliculus neurons show only three types of modulation tuning that can be modeled
• Inferred basilar-membrane gain in humans is about 41 dB at 4 kHz
• Inhibition and adaptation, not velocity matching, drive motion direction selectivity
• Inhibition shapes the barn owl’s binaural temporal window for sound localization
• Inhibitory networks that sharpen spectral peaks can aid listeners with reduced frequency selectivity
• Inner-ear damage accumulates silently before audiometric thresholds rise
• Intelligible speech needs only a small fraction of its time-frequency units
• Intense low-frequency sound alters inner ear function even though we barely hear it
• Inter-fibre latency variation across fibres is Gaussian despite single-fibre responses being gamma-shaped
• Interaural correlation-change detection is a viable temporal processing measure
• Interaural envelope timing responses weaken with rising carrier frequency and ear mismatch
• Interaural level sensitivity reflects peripheral level-coding efficiency, not central processing.
• Interaural loudness balancing normalizes levels before pitch and EEG testing.
• Interaural place-of-stimulation mismatch shrinks the binaural interaction component’s magnitude.
• Interaural time difference maps derive from precise phase delays, not absolute latencies
• Interaural time difference thresholds stay flat until 3–6 mm of electrode mismatch
• Interaural time sensitivity declines with aging and remains impaired after corrective surgery
• Interferers partially rather than fully suppress the modulation cues used for detection
• Internal decision noise rises as speech-to-noise ratio falls.
• Internal listener noise rises steeply as signal-to-noise ratio worsens
• Internal perceptual noise rises as signal-to-noise ratio falls.
• Interval patterns are recognized by relative pitch relations, not absolute frequencies
• Interval variance lowers pattern predictability and worsens discrimination
• Interval-adjustment precision declines sharply at 10 kHz
• IPD transitions are timed to amplitude minima to hide monaural cues
• IPM-FR can identify which binaural pathway operates in cochlear implant users
• ITD sensitivity depends on phase differences, not absolute conduction latencies
• ITD sensitivity is not explained by basic temporal-structure processing efficiency.
• Japanese audiology has a standardized 57-syllable list for cross-study speech comparisons
• Jittering visual feedback prevented timing cues in click-detection experiments
• Just meaningful difference extends JND by adding subjective comparison tasks
• Key open questions concern feedback contributions and dorsal-ventral pathway integration
• Lacking MOC gain control partly explains CI users’ poor speech-in-noise performance
• Language processing dominates left-hemisphere networks while the right hemisphere handles communication context.
• Large transpositions impair pitch pattern detection more than small ones
• Larger change sizes and longer sampling improve texture change detection
• Larger change sizes steepen and left-shift hit-rate curves, shortening detection time constants.
• Larger statistical changes produce faster and more certain auditory detection
• Larger stimulus changes are detected reliably after shorter observation times
• Larger stimulus changes produce faster and more certain perceptual decisions.
• Late-onset hearing loss spares earlier-learned affect cue knowledge
• Lateralization performance on ITD and ILD tasks correlates even after age is controlled
• Lateralization weakens up the auditory pathway as interhemispheric connections dominate
• Learning a tune may require hearing it at many pitch levels across linked contexts
• Level differences alone are too small to drive minimum audible angle discrimination
• Level differences at typical MAAs fall below the 1-2 dB just-noticeable difference
• Level differences at typical MAAs stay below just-noticeable-differences for hearing-impaired listeners
• Linguistic context lets listeners understand speech at lower acoustic intelligibility
• Listener age worsens masked speech recognition even with equal sensation levels
• Listener ratings of speech benefit only become significant once SNR change reaches 4 dB
• Listener response uncertainty concentrates in the 5-25 CU loudness range.
• Listener variability in category width is greatest at the softest loudness category.
• Listeners benefit from but do not fully use broadband spectral information.
• Listeners can detect changes in the probability statistics of continuous acoustic textures
• Listeners can discriminate interaural time differences of just tens of microseconds below 1.3 kHz.
• Listeners cannot use a repeated pattern as a template for transposed comparisons
• Listeners detect deviant tone patterns worse when pattern intervals vary more
• Listeners may judge SNR changes via perceived intelligibility rather than raw signal level
• Listeners only rate a speech-quality change as meaningful when it exceeds detectability thresholds
• Listeners re-adapt to modified pinna cues within about six weeks
• Listeners subconsciously activate multiple word candidates before resolving lexical decisions
• Listeners value a level change as much or more than an equal-dB SNR change
• Listeners with identical hearing thresholds differ in suprathreshold loudness perception
• Listeners’ SNR JNDs may actually be intelligibility JNDs, not signal-level ones.
• Listening to notched noise can unmask spontaneous otoacoustic emissions
• Local signal-to-noise ratios are computed across both time and frequency dimensions
• Local SNR is computed per 23 ms one-ERB time-frequency unit
• Long combined maskers trigger MOCR gain reduction that underestimates true suppression
• Long suppressor durations elicit MOCR and may underestimate suppression
• Longer listening time to initial texture statistics improves change detection up to an asymptote
• Longer pre-change observation improves initial-statistic estimation and speeds detection.
• Longer pre-change sampling durations shorten reaction times to sound texture changes
• Loss of cochlear compression alone impairs hearing soft syllables amid louder ones
• Loss of externalisation when one earphone is deactivated may boost apparent loudness summation
• Loss of neural synchrony can impair speech-in-noise perception.
• Lost cochlear compression degrades speech formant coding in hearing-impaired listeners
• Lost two-tone suppression degrades speech-formant coding in hearing-impaired listeners.
• Loud flanking syllables immediately preceding a soft target induce forward masking
• Loud low-frequency tones cause a characteristic two-phase threshold change called the bounce
• Loudness constancy experiments compare speech and noise across headphone, loudspeaker, and virtual presentation
• Loudness constancy persists in controlled direct-comparison matching tasks.
• Loudness constancy requires ecologically valid, multisensory real-world stimuli
• Loudness constancy stems either from residual occluded-ear sound or cognitive knowledge of occlusion.
• Loudness correlates vary by region, not by a single uniform code
• Loudness depends on more than physical sound intensity alone
• Loudness drives decision weights, so OAEs may predict listening-in-noise ability
• Loudness estimates explain cortical responses better than sound intensity alone
• Loudness growth is linear up to 80 dB then steepens near 90 dB
• Loudness judgments at a fixed level vary probabilistically across categories
• Loudness perception is a random variable at every stimulus level
• Loudness perception strongly shapes the decision weights listeners assign to sound components
• Loudness recruitment in hearing loss could be probed via Heschl’s gyrus fMRI
• Loudness summation shrinks dramatically for real-world external sound sources
• Loudness-matching experiments are designed around ecological validity of real-world listening.
• Low- and high-frequency binaural brainstem pathways prefer opposite interaural phase ranges
• Low-frequency auditory stimuli are built from harmonic complexes with 100 Hz fundamentals.
• Low-frequency Bounce occurs even with the ear canal left open
• Low-frequency exposure temporarily activates new otoacoustic emissions that were previously absent in most ears.
• Low-frequency harmonic complexes and transposed high-frequency tones isolate phase-locking cues for lateralization tests
• Low-frequency pitch judgments reflect temporal fine structure via neural phase locking
• Low-frequency receptor potentials drive oscillating calcium levels that modulate cochlear-amplifier gain
• Low-frequency sound can awaken silent inner ears to emit spontaneous tones
• Low-frequency sound exposure triggers long-lasting damped oscillations in spontaneous otoacoustic emissions.
• Low-frequency sound triggers larger cochlear responses than comparable higher frequencies.
• Low-frequency sound’s after-effects arise from calcium homeostasis in outer hair cells
• Low-frequency stimulation can make previously undetectable spontaneous emissions emerge transiently
• Low-pass filtering a target worsens speech reception linearly until a floor.
• Low-side suppression operates at very low sound levels in ANFs
• MAA thresholds are measured with 3-AFC staircases tracking the 70.7% point
• Making already-clear speech clearer does not motivate people to seek help
• Mandarin tone perception accuracy falls from 97 percent to 63 percent in auditory neuropathy
• Manipulating envelope and fine structure separately reveals their competing roles in tone perception.
• Manipulating the masker’s spectrum affects speech intelligibility more than manipulating the target’s spectrum.
• Many-fibre population responses become Gaussian despite single-fibre gamma firing patterns
• Masked speech thresholds are measured as the target-to-masker ratio yielding 50 percent correct
• Masker duration gates whether the medial olivocochlear reflex contributes to measured gain
• Masker durations over 25 ms trigger efferent feedback that reduces measured suppression
• Maskers in auditory experiments must eliminate amplitude cues to isolate detection accuracy
• Masking grows slower in compressive than non-compressive auditory systems, generalizing to speech
• Masking interference is strongest when interferer and target match spectral distance from the masker
• Masking noise prevents listeners from using unintended spectral cues
• Matching Zwicker tones required no extra listening trials than pure tones.
• Maximum-likelihood catalog fitting yields accurate loudness estimates from few observations
• Maximum-likelihood estimation can predict categorical loudness functions from only 15-30 trials
• Maximum-likelihood estimation improves CLS accuracy over adaptive medians
• McGurk (incongruent) targets produce consistently longer response times than congruent ones
• McGurk fusion responses take about 70-80 ms longer than congruent audiovisual responses
• McGurk responses are processed 70-80 ms slower than matching audiovisual targets
• McGurk-effects that saturate tend to be excluded from audiovisual experiments
• MDI interference peaks when target and interferer share symmetric offsets.
• Meaningful hearing benefit emerges at 4 dB SNR regardless of presentation order
• Meaningful speech-in-noise benefit requires double the detectable SNR change
• Measured SNR JNDs may actually reflect intelligibility rather than SNR discrimination
• Measured suppression is underestimated when maskers trigger medial-olivocochlear gain reduction
• Measured suppressive influences conflate mechanical suppression, adaptation, and refractory effects.
• Meatal occlusion dropping one ear’s loudness 52 percent should still produce measurable summation
• Medial olivocochlear efferent feedback reduces cochlear gain most for frequencies near the signal
• Medial olivocochlear efferents actively modulate cochlear gain during binaural listening
• Medial olivocochlear inhibition is stronger apically and shifted half an octave
• Medial olivocochlear reflex suppression requires maskers longer than 20 ms
• Median-based MAA estimation yields lower thresholds but proves more robust to unreliable runs
• Median-based MAA thresholds differ from Levitt-style staircase estimates
• Median-of-reversal-point threshold estimates are more robust to unreliable runs
• MEG source models distinguish energy-onset responses from between-note transition responses
• Melodic auditory stimuli produce earlier N1m peaks than tonic stimuli
• Melodic differences in brain responses vanish once the sustained field is removed
• Melodic notes evoke larger N1m and P2m responses than tonic notes
• Melodic notes produce earlier N1m peaks than tonic notes do.
• Melodic notes trigger earlier and larger auditory cortex responses than tonic notes
• Melodic pitch changes shorten rather than lengthen N1m peak latency in auditory cortex
• Melody and energy-onset generators occupy distinct auditory cortex loci.
• Melody change processing localizes more anteriorly than energy onset in auditory cortex
• Melody processing and sound onset recruit distinct auditory cortex regions, roughly 10 mm apart.
• Melody processing is most visible in the P2m response component
• Melody processing recruits a distinct generator in anterior Heschl’s gyrus
• Melody recognition survives transposition because pitch intervals, not absolute pitches, are encoded
• Microsecond ITD precision arises from phase-delay matching, not absolute latency
• Midbrain and cortical auditory areas differ in how they encode loudness versus sound intensity
• Midbrain band-enhanced neurons encode vowels via robust across-frequency contrast
• Midbrain vowel profiles arise from synchrony-to-rate transformation, not AN rate
• Mild hearing loss eliminates otoacoustic emissions but not psychoacoustic efferent measures
• Mild hearing losses were chosen specifically to ensure measurable DPOAEs
• Mild hearing-impaired listeners retain measurable DPOAEs
• Mild SNHL elevates thresholds from 15 to 30 dB across frequency
• Minimum Audible Angle measures the smallest discriminable angular change
• Missing efferent benefits may explain cochlear-implant users’ speech-in-noise deficits
• Mixed findings about working memory and speech-in-noise stem from task-specific WM engagement
• Mixing young and elderly listeners sharpens correlation analyses by widening threshold ranges.
• MOC efferent activation restores auditory nerve dynamic range in noise
• MOC efferents reflexively modulate cochlear gain via outer hair cells
• MOC reflex’s speech-in-noise unmasking role remains unproven in humans
• MOCR gain reduction interacts with suppression to reduce it
• MOCR gain reduction masks true cochlear suppression and underestimates it
• Model parameters were chosen for visual clarity rather than fidelity to real physiology
• Model-based hearing-impairment simulation isolates the compression component of auditory processing
• Model-based impairment simulation isolates specific cochlear processing components
• Modeled acoustic distances predict perceived consonant distances with near-perfect correlation
• Modeling the multi-category psychometric function markedly improves loudness estimation accuracy.
• Modified model captures token-specific speech reception thresholds far better than baseline
• Modulating target sounds at tACS frequency lets listeners sample at fixed phase
• Modulation Detection Interference is frequency-selective in its effectiveness
• Modulation Detection Interference operates across different auditory frequency channels
• Modulation in off-frequency channels can suppress on-frequency modulation processing
• Modulation power is captured by filters tuned to 2, 4, 8, and 16 Hz
• Modulation-frequency-specific disruption captures interferer masking effects better than energy models
• Monaural encoding efficiency partly explains inter-listener differences in binaural sensitivity
• Monaural temporal fine structure processing declines with age even without hearing loss.
• Mono mixed spatial-task evidence contradicts the assumption that hearing loss disrupts spatial processing globally
• Most of the SRM deficit in hearing-impaired listeners stems from reduced audibility
• Most working memory and speech-in-noise studies are underpowered to detect real effects.
• Motion direction perception requires a much larger angular sweep than static localization
• MPI vowel-identification models add Gaussian jnd noise scaled from SMT thresholds
• MRI scanning noise can contaminate tinnitus brain-imaging results
• MSO and LSO neurons have opposite optimal interaural phase responses
• Multisensory binding decisions depend on a prior coherence estimate between auditory and visual streams.
• N-of-M coding strategies enhance spectral contrast by retaining only largest-amplitude bands
• N-of-m device users benefit less because not all channels fire each cycle
• N-of-m stimulation strategies resist improvement from electrode deactivation.
• N1m and P2m components are separable generators, both enhanced by melodic pitch changes
• Narrowband masking and differential metrics can isolate temporal coding deficits from filter width
• Narrowband noise degrades AM detection mainly in listeners with reduced temporal coding
• Narrowband noise disrupts amplitude modulation detection in cochlear neuropathy more than broadband noise does.
• Narrowband noise masks AM detection most in listeners with the poorest cochlear gain measures.
• Natural hearing in the wild involves constantly changing binaural cues rather than static ones
• Natural sound identity is defined by its statistical probabilities, not exact patterning
• Natural sounds like wind and rain are recognized through their statistical patterns
• Nearby auditory neurons share phase but vary widely in absolute latency
• Neither hearing group improves within a single MAA session
• Neonates detect transposed pattern violations while adult interval discrimination stays surprisingly poor
• Nerve degeneration may flip polarity sensitivity toward anodic dominance in implant users.
• Nerve degeneration or central blocking may explain anodic pulse dominance
• Neural activity drives opposite changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin
• Neural activity raises oxygenated and lowers de-oxygenated blood locally, enabling optical imaging
• Neural adaptation shifts spatial receptive fields to encode auditory motion direction.
• Neural correlates of perceptual judgments emerge only in the frontal lobe
• Neural decision correlates appear only in frontal cortex, not auditory cortex
• Neural degeneration alone does not explain polarity sensitivity differences in cochlear implants
• Neural degeneration does not alter CI pulse polarity sensitivity over time
• Neural degeneration does not drive the anodic sensitivity seen in humans
• Neural degeneration over time does not flip cathodic-anodic stimulation efficiency in deafened guinea pigs
• Neural degeneration shifts eCAP firing-component scaling and latency in measurable ways.
• Neural detection of transposed melodies coexists with surprisingly poor explicit interval recognition
• Neural encoding of perception is evidenced by modulation tied to listener reports
• Neural ITD coding could use either equal conduction latencies or phase matching.
• Neural pitch coding produces a butte of equal-rate activity centered on the stimulus frequency
• Neuronal firing thresholds shape which pitch periodicities a system can detect
• Neurons can convert stimulus frequency directly into firing rate at the brainstem
• Never degeneration of neural peripheral processes may explain human anodic stimulation preference
• NIR light absorption differs between oxygenated and de-oxygenated haemoglobin
• No neural evidence supports autocorrelation models of pitch at the brainstem
• Noise and reverberation damage speech segregation through different neural mechanisms
• Noise and reverberation reduce modulation depth but preserve signal shape
• Noise damage degrades frequency separation more severely than sensitivity
• Noise-damaged cochleas keep low-side suppression normal while high-side thresholds rise
• Noise-induced hearing loss eliminates high-side suppression in some broadly tuned fibers
• Noise-induced hearing loss reduces several independent markers of cochlear compression
• Noise-masking conditions can selectively tax temporal coding fidelity independent of auditory filter width.
• Noise-vocoded speech becomes intelligible when preceded by the original utterance
• Noise-vocoding degrades speech by replacing detail with band-limited noise envelopes.
• Non-monotonic neural responses may come from action potential blocking along nerve fibers
• Normal hearing is operationally defined as a four-frequency average threshold below 25 dB HL.
• Normal hearing relies on fine structure for tones; neural disease forces reliance on envelope
• Normal-hearing classification requires thresholds below 30 dB HL at all standard frequencies
• Normal-hearing EEG listeners were screened to 20 dB HL at octave bands
• Normal-hearing listeners perceive Mandarin tones via fine structure, impaired ones via envelope
• Normal-hearing listeners tolerate moderate reverberation far better than noise
• Normal-hearing MAA is unaffected by pinna cue type or reference angle
• Normal-threshold listeners can show temporal coding deficits localized to the auditory brainstem
• Notched-noise masking quantifies frequency selectivity as equivalent rectangular bandwidth
• OAE measures could become a fast clinical speech-in-noise diagnostic
• OAEs reveal cochlear function through sounds emitted back into the ear canal
• Objective brainstem measures may detect functional hearing changes before permanent threshold shifts appear.
• Objective hearing measures require linking perception, physiology, and speech ability.
• Objective hearing measures require linking speech perception to psychophysical cue sensitivity
• Oboe-like timbre and spectrally limited tones are used to test interval perception
• Occluding one ear in a sound field dramatically reduces binaural loudness summation
• Occlusion-based monaural hearing dramatically reduces binaural loudness summation.
• Octopus cells fire one spike per click up to 700 clicks per second
• Off-frequency masking responses remain linear despite MOCR activation
• Off-frequency tone detection benefits from envelope modulation cues produced by beating
• Older adults lose measurable suppression entirely when maskers are long
• Older adults show significantly lower cochlear gain estimates than younger adults
• Older adults show smaller binaural masking level differences despite normal audiograms
• Older adults with age-normal hearing show varied speech-in-noise intelligibility linked to cognition
• Once speech is already clear, further clarity does not motivate clinic visits
• One-up two-down adaptive procedures track the 70.7% point on the psychometric function
• One-up-two-down adaptive staircases can report lower thresholds than other estimation methods
• Only about 20 percent of time-frequency units carry audible target speech
• Only about 20% of target speech time-frequency units are needed for near-normal intelligibility.
• Only half of cochlear implant users benefit from electrode deactivation, and many worsen.
• Only mismatched speech input triggers effortful working-memory processing.
• Only modulation-based processing, not energy-based, predicts how interferers raise detection thresholds.
• Optimal interaural phase difference for cortical following responses depends on the IPM rate
• Otoacoustic and psychophysical estimates of efferent gain disagree due to stimulus constraints
• Otoacoustic emission levels predict individual decision weights in level discrimination tasks
• Otoacoustic emission levels predict which tones listeners weight more heavily
• Otoacoustic emissions are faint sounds generated by the cochlea that predict auditory function
• Otoacoustic emissions non-invasively probe outer hair cell function in humans.
• Outer hair cells respond better than inner hair cells to low-frequency sound
• Outer-hair-cell damage destroys the cochlea’s compressive nonlinearity, which hearing aids try to rebuild.
• Outer-hair-cell damage raises high-side but not low-side suppression thresholds.
• Output-dependent inhibition creates amplificatory feedback that sharpens binaural asymmetries
• Oversized-pinna cue simulation barely improves vertical localization for hearing-impaired listeners
• Owls detect direction changes more readily in frontal than lateral space.
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin absorb near-infrared light differently, enabling functional imaging
• Patient history predicts only 10 percent of cochlear implant speech outcomes
• Pattern interval size, transposition, repetition, and variance all shape pitch pattern judgment accuracy
• Pattern representations become more permissive as component variance grows
• People with identical audiometric thresholds can perceive loudness differently.
• Perceived loudness grows nearly linearly with intensity until steepening near 90 dB SPL
• Perception variability splits into source-induced and receiver-related components
• Perceptual insensitivity to low-frequency sound masks its physiological impact on the inner ear
• Perceptual models substitute for costly, variable human cochlear implant trials
• Perceptual segregation of targets from distractors may depend on cortical temporal coherence
• Periodicity cues for pitch split into fine-structure, envelope, and interaction periodicities
• Periodicity entracking is distributed across brainstem structures, not localized in one center.
• Periodicity-based sound segregation begins at the auditory brain stem
• Periodicity-sieve analysis statistically tags which vowel of a mixture drives a neuron.
• Periodicity-tagged firing rates use template contrast to separate concurrent-vowel responses
• Peripheral coding efficiency drives lateralization except for low-frequency ITD
• Peripheral hearing damage may trigger compensatory excitation-inhibition shifts in brainstem
• Peripheral level coding largely explains individual differences in ILD sensitivity.
• Peripheral monaural coding efficiency partly predicts binaural lateralization ability
• Permutation tests and bootstrapping are used to establish significance in evoked-response MEG data
• Phase delay scatters narrowly while signal-front delay scatters widely in the nucleus laminaris
• Phase transitions hidden at envelope minima decrease monaural detection of interaural cues
• Phase-coherent brain stimulation may boost perceived loudness of matched click trains
• Phase-induced detection differences cycle predominantly at the stimulation frequency itself.
• Phase-induced hearing changes cycle predominantly at the tACS stimulation frequency
• Phase-locked neural timing underlies musical pitch and is limited above 4-5 kHz.
• Phase-locked tACS yields only small, often non-significant perceptual gains
• Phase-locking limits matter far less when envelope-fine-structure interaction encodes pitch
• Phonemic and articulatory-feature speech representations can be encoded as multivariate EEG-regression predictors
• Phonetic models predict EEG better, but only when speech is intelligible.
• Phrases composed of small pitch intervals form more coherent representations for comparison
• Physiological and behavioral binaural measures agree with each other but not with pitch matching.
• Physiological and temporal-precision pairing measures agree while pitch matching does not
• Physiological noise like heartbeat and breathing can masquerade as neural connectivity
• Pinna spectral notch frequency increases with sound elevation in the median plane
• Pitch can be coded by monotonic firing rate instead of tuned delay circuits
• Pitch can be coded by neuron firing rate matching the repetition frequency
• Pitch can be encoded by scalar firing rate rather than tuned vector codes
• Pitch differences caused by shifts are not purely fine-structure based
• Pitch estimates depend on combined envelope-fine structure cues, not envelope alone.
• Pitch is coded by firing rate constancy, not spike phase
• Pitch matching can be misleadingly good due to acclimatization and brain plasticity
• Pitch may be encoded by entrained phase-locking producing a rate code
• Pitch of Zwicker tones is less precisely encoded than pure tones
• Pitch perception experiments restrict stimuli to a clearly audible frequency range.
• Pitch ranking relies on two-interval forced choice with random order assignment
• Pitch-based electrode deactivation provides no speech benefit for ACE users
• Pitch-based electrode matching in cochlear implants is confounded by acclimatization and brain plasticity
• Pitch-change sequence processing drives larger N1m and P2m responses than constant notes
• Pitch-matched electrode pairs do not maximize binaural time-difference sensitivity
• Pitch-ranking can identify which cochlear implant electrodes are safe to deactivate
• Pitch-ranking-based electrode deactivation provides no measurable benefit for ACE implant users.
• Pitches outside a core audible range can be inaudible even in self-reported normal hearing
• Plastic changes during deafness can either help or hinder adaptation to a cochlear implant
• Point of subjective loudness equality is measured by bracketing two 71 percent discrimination thresholds
• Polarity effect magnitude is similar across guinea pigs and human cochlear implant users
• Polarity effect magnitude is similar across species even though its direction is reversed.
• Polarity effect magnitude is similar in guinea pigs and humans but reversed in sign
• Pooling all subjects’ data in one ICA avoids group-decomposition biases in resting-state fMRI.
• Pooling data across groups in one ICA improves component estimation reliability
• Pooling subjects before ICA decomposition avoids biased between-group network comparisons
• Poor attentional inhibition increases susceptibility to background noise
• Poor inhibitory control increases noise susceptibility in speech-in-noise tasks
• Poorer hearing drives reliance on more prosodic cues for affect judgement
• Population latency distributions become Gaussian after convolution across many fibres
• Posterior medial Heschl’s gyrus activation best predicts individual perceived loudness
• Posterior medial Heschl’s gyrus shows the strongest sound-intensity response
• Primary auditory cortex shows the strongest intensity encoding along the auditory pathway
• Priming can render identical noise-vocoded speech stimuli intelligible or not
• Priming can vary recognition of degraded speech while holding the stimulus fixed
• Priming from previously heard clear speech can boost intelligibility of degraded speech
• Prior deactivation studies failed to control for adaptation time and learning effects
• Prior suppression studies may be confounded because long stimuli trigger the medial olivocochlear reflex
• Processing-heavy working memory tasks correlate more strongly with noisy speech perception
• Profile analysis compares static spectra while texture change detection needs dynamic statistics
• Prosody alone can invert a spoken message’s meaning from positive to negative
• Prosody alone can invert the meaning of identical spoken words.
• Pseudomonophasic pulses with a gap need less current than symmetric pulses
• Psychoacoustic forward masking can probe the efferent reflex without its own contamination.
• Psychoacoustic measures probe efferent function even where OAEs fail
• Psychoacoustic tuning curves directly reflect cochlear mechanical processing.
• Psychophysical and EEG measures predict speech-in-noise ability better than pure-tone audiometry
• Published studies linking working memory to speech-in-noise are underpowered.
• Pulse polarity differences translate to roughly 30 dB of acoustic hearing range
• Pulse polarity effects on neural response differ significantly across pulse shapes
• Pulse shape strongly determines cochlear implant stimulation current efficiency
• Pulse shapes require measurably different current levels to evoke equal neural responses
• Pulse shapes vary phase duration while holding total delivered charge balanced
• Pupil diameter must be controlled for lighting in listening-effort experiments
• Pupil dilation indicates cognitive effort on a distinct 900 ms timescale
• Pure level changes are rated as valuable as SNR changes despite not aiding intelligibility
• Pure tone audiograms fail to predict speech-in-noise listening difficulties
• Pure-tone thresholds capture hearing aspects that speech reception thresholds miss
• Quiet-only performance measures miss masking effects that reduce speech redundancy.
• Raising fundamental frequency worsens pitch perception by reducing harmonic resolvability
• Raising presentation level reduces the masking-release advantage from spectrally sparse or unmodulated maskers
• Raising speech level reduces the advantage from masker fluctuation absence
• Randomized starting positions force subjects to use motion direction rather than location
• Randomly generated tone patterns must avoid repeated equidistant intervals to prevent repeated pitches.
• Randomly timed tones model how new sound sources appear in a natural scene
• Randomly transposing a standard phrase makes oddball melodic phrases nearly undetectable even for musicians
• Rapid pattern detection does not support transposition comparison across versions
• Rate-place coding of formants saturates at high levels while intelligibility persists.
• Rate-place profiles of auditory nerve fibers degrade in noise though speech intelligibility persists
• Reaction times reveal how listeners estimate post-change statistics in integration tasks.
• Reading-Span may be the wrong cognitive measure for predicting speech-in-noise skill
• Reading-span tasks measure working memory by interleaving comprehension judgments with word recall
• Real-world low-frequency noise can trigger the Bounce
• Recruitment patients could disambiguate loudness from intensity encoding in fMRI
• Reduced frequency selectivity partly explains diminished sensitivity to inherent masker fluctuations
• Reduced target audibility, not spatial processing loss, explains much of the hearing-loss speech deficit
• Relative pitch perception resists explanation by invariant interval ratios
• Reported BMLD reductions tied to hearing loss may actually stem from aging
• Reported working-memory effects on speech-in-noise identification are often not statistically reliable.
• Residual hearing does not predict electrically evoked compound action potential shape
• Residual sound at an occluded ear mediates part of loudness constancy
• Resolved spectral components, not just phase-locking, may drive temporal fine structure tasks.
• Resting brain activity during deafness predicts later success with a cochlear implant
• Resting-state brain activity reflects predictive tracking and neural plasticity
• Resting-state brain activity reflects the brain’s ability to predict environment changes
• Resting-state components are validated against previously reported brain networks
• Resting-state connectivity analysis must filter physiological noise that inflates correlations
• Resting-state connectivity reflects neural plasticity from deafness and reorganisation
• Resting-state fMRI reveals connectivity differences in numerous brain regions in tinnitus.
• Resting-state networks reveal functional connectivity patterns without any task
• Reverberation and broadband noise affect neural coding differently.
• Reverberation and intonation interact to impair auditory segregation while noise acts independently
• Reverberation and natural pitch modulation combine to impair vowel segregation more than either alone
• Reverberation and noise alter early brainstem speech coding differently than cortical coding
• Reverberation degrades F0-modulated speech cues more than static-pitch cues, while noise degrades both equally
• Reverberation degrades neural pitch coding far more for intonated than steady speech
• Reverberation disrupts periodicity-based speech segregation only when pitch is intonated
• Reverberation erases formant information for intonated vowels but noise only degrades higher formants
• Reverberation hampers speech segregation only for intonated vowels, while noise hampers it regardless.
• Reversing a tone’s phase in one ear lowers its detection threshold in noise
• Rising F0 lowers resolved harmonic interactions and worsens pitch extraction
• Roving sound level prevents listeners from using absolute intensity as a cue
• Scalp current can entrain sound processing while bypassing the peripheral ear
• Scalp EEG of brainstem envelope-following responses requires kilohertz-range sampling rates.
• Scanner noise does not mask chronic tinnitus perception during imaging
• Scores below chance led experimenters to exclude participants as task non-comprehenders
• Second-order Wiener kernels can be decomposed into excitatory and suppressive components via singular-value decomposition.
• Seconds of mismatched audiovisual context weaken the McGurk visual bias.
• Selective attention modulates fusion only for low-coherence video sentence contexts.
• Semantic context boosts competitor fixations in natural speech but not degraded speech
• Semantic context changes fixations to semantic distractors only in natural speech
• Semantic knowledge helps listeners interpret degraded speech signals
• Semantically unpredictable sentences with fixed keyword slots assess speech intelligibility without context cues.
• Sensation level and per-band audiogram equalization are distinct ways to control audibility
• Sensitivity to interaural correlation change estimates loss of neural synchrony
• Sensitivity to statistical changes rises over time from stimulus onset
• Sensorineural hearing loss causes wide variability in sound localization ability
• Sensorineural hearing loss disrupts auditory-nerve phase-locking to modulated stimuli
• Sensorineural hearing loss disrupts F0-synchrony coding while sparing mean firing rates.
• Sensorineural hearing loss reduces contrast in F0-synchronized neural rates across frequency
• Sensory neural hearing loss preserves temporal resolution when audibility is compensated
• Sentence-final words were counterbalanced across all four sentence noise conditions.
• SFOAE amplitude maxima and minima differ by up to 30 dB
• SFOAE fine structure shows individual maxima-minima dips up to 30 dB
• Shallow psychometric slopes reflect listener response uncertainty
• Sham tACS controls succeeded because participants could not distinguish active from inactive
• Sham tACS participants could not detect whether stimulation was active.
• Shifted complex tones cannot isolate pure temporal fine structure effects in pitch
• Short clinical test lengths amplify response variability into inaccurate loudness curves.
• Short maskers yield significantly larger suppression estimates than long ones
• Shuffled inter-spike-interval analysis captures time-varying periodicity in single neurons.
• Signal degradation delays semantic integration and raises listening effort
• Signal durations under the efferent onset delay isolate the efferent effect on cochlear gain
• Significance of suppressive kernels is tested by bootstrap randomization conserving spike timing statistics.
• Simulated finger occlusion reduces but does not remove binaural loudness summation.
• Simulated hearing loss is capped at an 80-year-old’s average audiogram
• Simulated hearing loss isolates audibility from other hearing-loss effects
• Sisomycin completely destroys cochlear hair cells and causes progressive neural degeneration
• Slow envelope fluctuations up to 16 Hz predict consonant-in-noise perception.
• Slow interaural-phase modulation evokes transient P1-N1-P2 waves while faster rates produce steadier following responses
• Slow IPD transitions evoke a classic P1-N1-P2 auditory evoked response in the EEG
• Slow IPM sweeps evoke transient P1-N1-P2 responses while faster rates evoke steady-state following responses.
• Small amounts of hearing loss disproportionately impair speech-in-noise perception
• Small subcortical auditory structures suffer poor fMRI signal noise
• Small within-pattern intervals improve transposed pattern comparison via featural grouping
• SNHL impairs fine-structure use through poor frequency resolution while ANSD impairs temporal resolution
• SNHL reduces synchrony capture so nerve fibers encode multiple harmonics
• SNR just-noticeable difference grows from about 3 to 3.7 dB at positive reference SNRs
• SNR must rise at least 3 dB before listeners tolerate one more conversation
• SNR-based intelligibility models require imposed floor and ceiling limits.
• SOAE bouncing is not caused by middle-ear impedance changes
• SOAE bouncing is not caused by the probe blocking the ear canal
• SOAE Bouncing occurs in open-ear listening to real-world low-frequency sound sources.
• Some cathodic responses decrease as current rises, growing non-monotonically
• Sound textures are predictable only through their statistical spectrotemporal structure.
• Sound-source differences dominate consonant perception variability more than listener uncertainty
• Sounds mask both preceding and following sounds in time
• Sparse temporal sampling lets fMRI stimuli be presented during scanner silence
• Spatial release from masking deficits often reduce to an audibility problem
• Spatial release from masking persists even when target speech components are selectively discarded
• Spatial release from masking stays constant across all SNR criteria tested
• Spatial release from masking was tested using same-talker distractors with HRTF spatialization
• Spatial release of masking survives when only loud, monaurally detectable speech remains.
• Spatial separation of talkers reduces ambiguity in assigning speech components.
• Spatial separation reduces inter-source confusion rather than restoring lost signal
• Spatialized audio stimuli must preserve separate spectra per channel to estimate binaural local SNR
• Spatially separated sources reveal speech components audible only via binaural processing
• Spatially separated speech sources improve intelligibility through binaural release from masking.
• Spectral contrast coding can be enhanced by attenuating valleys while leaving peaks fixed
• Spectral contrast degradation in CIs impairs formant detection for speech
• Spectral modulation threshold is the smallest detectable spectral contrast in a ripple stimulus
• Spectral modulation threshold is the smallest detectable spectral contrast in a stimulus.
• Spectral resolution closely predicts vowel and consonant recognition in CI users
• Spectral ripple tasks can confound loudness and edge-frequency cues
• Spectral ripple tests can assess spectral resolution without loudness confounds.
• Spectral ripple thresholds are measured with a forced-choice flat-versus-modulated comparison
• Spectral valley over-attenuation may explain why contrast enhancement harms CI users
• Spectro-temporal receptive fields can be decomposed into separate excitatory and suppressive tuning maps.
• Spectro-temporal SNR units span 23 ms and one ERB bandwidth
• Speech audibility experiments can control for individual audiograms by band-specific spectral shaping
• Speech categories are represented hierarchically along the auditory cortex
• Speech intelligibility gains more from reducing masker energy than from increasing target energy
• Speech intelligibility models must clamp SNR to realistic floor and ceiling limits
• Speech intelligibility models need nonlinear SNR-importance functions for filtered sources
• Speech intelligibility saturates beyond certain signal-to-noise ratio bounds.
• Speech intelligibility saturates once the low-frequency target is attenuated 15 dB.
• Speech masking in noise stems from inherent temporal-envelope modulations rather than overall noise energy.
• Speech masking thresholds are estimated adaptively by adjusting relative talker levels.
• Speech perception depends on brief time-frequency glimpses where target energy exceeds masker energy.
• Speech perception models decompose subband signals into acoustic and modulation envelopes
• Speech perception resolves word candidate competition before a decision is made
• Speech processing deficits are hard to diagnose in mild cases
• Speech reception threshold experiments sometimes need extra conditions to reach stable performance
• Speech recognition can be modeled as matching test signals against noise-masked talker templates
• Speech recognition models can derive subband and modulation power from 22 gammatone filters
• Speech tempo is measured as syllable rate excluding pauses over 100 ms
• Speech testing can rely on typed self-report of correctly heard key words
• Speech tests are presented at levels where listeners perform worst
• Speech token recognition was tested across six signal-to-noise ratios from 12 to -15 dB
• Speech-in-noise ability is scored as the added SNR a listener needs
• Speech-in-noise clarity discrimination can be measured with identical masked sentences while cueing levels
• Speech-in-noise clarity thresholds worsen at positive reference signal-to-noise ratios
• Speech-in-noise difficulty varies with target predictability and background signal-to-noise ratio manipulations
• Speech-in-speech intelligibility depends on non-auditory factors beyond audibility alone
• Speech-intelligibility JNDs cannot be cleanly separated from SNR JNDs
• Speech-level dips and impairment type independently affect syllable recognition with no interaction
• Speech-like noise fools the brain and harms intelligibility more than its level suggests
• Speech-shaped noise can carry intelligible masked signals through amplitude modulation
• Spike generation depends on both envelope and fine structure signals
• Spontaneous emission post-exposure oscillations follow an underdamped sinusoid with periods around 250 seconds
• Spontaneous otoacoustic emission frequencies are stable to within a fraction of a percent
• Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions cluster near SFOAE fine-structure maxima but remain undetectable there.
• Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions enable least-invasive monitoring of inner ear function
• Standard d-prime must be modified for time-variable change detection tasks
• Standard loudness analysis discards response variability that probabilistic models can exploit
• Standard signal-detection measures fail for time-evolving detection tasks
• Standards accept up to 25 dB of hearing loss as medically normal
• Statistical sound textures can be built from 30-ms overlapping pure tones across 2.2 octaves.
• Statistical-change detection can be isolated with stimuli lacking all systematic cues except marginal probability
• Steady-state EEG responses can distinguish which brainstem binaural pathway is active
• Steady-state interaural phase following responses were more robust than responses to slow sweeps.
• Steady-state masking noise varies perceptually even with a 100-ms time shift.
• Stimulus design can minimize monaural cues to isolate pure binaural phase processing
• Stimulus-aligned brain oscillations can enhance perceived loudness of auditory input
• Stronger contralateral sound causes greater efferent inhibition and more linear cochlear response
• Subband and modulation power both strongly predict perceptual distances in consonant perception
• Subcortical auditory activation grows linearly with sound level, unlike cortex
• Subcortical auditory structures encode sound intensity linearly while cortex compresses it.
• Subcortical BOLD reflects loudness slightly more than intensity, but noise is severe
• Subcortical fMRI signals are degraded by cardiac pulsatile motion effects
• Subjects matched musical intervals within about 2 percent in both conditions
• Suppression data from impaired auditory nerves could improve hearing aid speech-in-noise amplification
• Suppression is underestimated by maskers long enough to trigger the MOCR
• Suppression measured via Wiener kernels bundles together three distinct neural mechanisms
• Suppression regions flank excitation in time-frequency and predate it on-CF
• Suppression-based gain estimates compare on-frequency masker thresholds against off-frequency baselines
• Sustained cortical fields can be measured over long musical sequences.
• Sustained field activity does not track melodic structure.
• Sustained sound beyond about 200 ms adds no further loudness
• Syllabic speech produces far stronger audio-visual correlation than sentences do
• Syllable perception experiments with hearing impairment simulators require hundreds of trials per participant
• Syllable speech binds audio and video more strongly than sentences do
• Syllables have stronger audiovisual coherence than sentences, predicting greater binding.
• Symmetric masker paradigms were designed to remove head-shadow benefits from spatial release from masking
• Synaptic timing between excitation and inhibition sets each inferior-colliculus neuron’s preferred modulation frequency
• Synthetic double-vowel stimuli embed real-room reverberation via measured impulse responses
• Systematic conduction delay changes along the nucleus laminaris axis encode interaural time difference maps
• tACS boosts loudness of click trains temporally coherent with entrained oscillations
• tACS might bypass a damaged auditory periphery to deliver envelope information
• tACS perceptual benefits so far are modest and often statistically marginal
• tACS phase benefits to hearing are real but statistically modest
• tACS phase effects generalize from the alpha to the delta and theta oscillation ranges
• tACS phase significantly modulates click detection in normal-hearing listeners
• Talker identity causes more perceptual variation in consonant perception than noise waveform shifts
• Task difficulty alone does not explain why older listeners show the working-memory effect.
• Task difficulty inversely relates to the size of a detected statistical change
• Task variation across studies explains inconsistent cognition-speech correlations
• Task-engaged neural recordings clarify how the ventral pathway serves perception
• Task-related fMRI subtraction can erase the very activity it aims to measure.
• Task-subtraction fMRI paradigms cancel out tinnitus-related brain activity
• Temporal audiovisual coherence strength determines visual weighting in fusion.
• Temporal coherence of audiovisual signals predicts how strongly vision captures auditory perception.
• Temporal envelope suffices for speech while fine structure carries pitch information
• Temporal fine-structure sensitivity correlates with brainstem encoding and speech-in-noise ability
• Temporal integration may sample informative snapshots rather than integrating all energy
• Temporal modulation sensitivity predicts speech understanding in noise
• Temporal pitch coding via entracking gives way to place coding above 500 Hz
• Temporal processing divides into resolution, masking, and integration categories
• Temporal processing precision helps only when words are easily audible
• Temporal resolution deficits, not frequency resolution, drive fine-structure processing failure
• Temporal response function weights index macroscopic cortical activation at specific speech delays.
• Temporal response functions predict EEG from speech representations with cross-validated correlation
• Temporal-structure processing efficiency drives pitch but not interaural timing tasks
• Temporal-structure sensitivity declines with age even when audiograms remain normal.
• Testing hearing-impaired listeners could reveal how loudness distortion maps to brain activity
• Texture-change experiments kept total tone counts constant by compensating other bins
• TFS sensitivity is measured by a standard staircase procedure that converts to d-prime.
• TFS sensitivity predicts speech-in-noise ability among normally hearing adults
• The 3-down one-up adaptive rule tracks 79.4 percent correct thresholds
• The auditory periphery can be simulated as filtering, inner-hair-cell rectification, and adaptation loops
• The band-enhanced neuron’s timing constrains the band-suppressed neuron’s tuning
• The barn owl brain over-represents frontal space with overlapping maps and sharper neural fields.
• The best interaural phase deviation for evoking neural responses depends on modulation rate
• The binaural interaction component isolates binaural processing from summed monaural responses
• The Bounce is a metabolic calcium effect, not mechanical damage to hair cells
• The Bounce is caused by OHC calcium homeostasis disruption, not stria damage
• The Bounce is not acoustic damage because overexposure recovery is monotonic, not oscillatory
• The brain modulates spatial-hearing responses into a steady-state following response to periodic IPD switches
• The brain must decompose an unlabelled auditory mixture into coherent perceptual objects
• The brain processes continuous speech differently than discrete isolated sounds.
• The brainstem may convert interspike intervals directly into firing rates
• The cochlea cannot track dynamic intensity changes above roughly 1 kHz
• The cochlea compresses a 100 dB input range into about 57 dB of response.
• The cochlea may regulate gain slowly rather than compress sound instantly
• The default mode network may mediate internal sound perception across disorders
• The default mode network may mediate perception of internally generated sound.
• The default mode network strengthens when the mind wanders and underlies self-understanding.
• The dip condition isolates how a soft syllable embedded between louder ones is perceived
• The dip minus constant condition contrast specifically exposes compression’s effect
• The dominant interspike interval may be coded as predominant neural firing rate.
• The ear shows no mechanical ringing after a tone abruptly stops.
• The efferent olivocochlear reflex takes 25-40 ms to begin acting
• The efferent-effect filter at 4 kHz has a Q10 of about 3.1
• The envelope of each auditory filter output is processed by a modulation filterbank
• The human efferent reflex to sound has an onset delay of 25-40 ms
• The human medial olivocochlear efferent reflex operates with specific millisecond timing constants.
• The just noticeable difference in signal-to-noise ratio for speech is about 3 dB
• The late eCAP component likely reflects repeated neural firing, not two fibre subpopulations
• The medial olivocochlear reflex inhibits cochlear compression contralaterally in a graded, output-dependent manner
• The MOCR reduces channel compression when the opposite ear’s output rises
• The MOCR’s unmasking role remains unproven in direct human experiments
• The modeled efferent effects likely generalize to natural acoustic hearing
• The neural locus of the intensity-to-loudness transform remains unidentified
• The neural site where intensity becomes loudness remains unknown.
• The oldest simulated hearing impairment amplifies forward masking effects most
• The olivo-cochlear efferent system accelerates recovery from calcium-induced sensitivity changes.
• The olivocochlear reflex may unmask speech from noise via dynamic-range restoration
• The oscillating Bounce is metabolic, not damage-linked, unlike ordinary acoustic overexposure
• The pinna’s low-frequency notch shifts upward in frequency as sound source elevates
• The polarity half-cycle of tACS stimulation measurably shifts click detection performance.
• The relevance of a cognitive ability depends on the listening situation
• The same acoustic stimulus can be sorted by different features for different perceptual goals
• The same musical interval’s dissonance changes with pitch register
• The second CDLD peak reflects repeated firing of the same auditory neurons
• The SII band importance function positions roughly equal speech importance at 1400 Hz.
• The SII model’s assumed SNR range fails for sharply filtered speech signals
• The SOAE Bounce reflects a calcium-driven homeostatic readjustment in outer hair cells.
• The Speech Intelligibility Index fails for sharply filtered stimuli.
• The sustained cortical field does not differentiate melody from repeated tonic notes
• The sustained field does not distinguish melodic from tonic sequences
• The temporal-to-place mechanism transition occurs near 8 kHz, not 4-5 kHz
• The TFS1 test isolates temporal fine structure processing from excitation-pattern cues
• The voice-processing area can be taken over by visual speech-reading in poor CI users
• The working memory link to speech-in-noise emerges only past age forty.
• Three perceptually distinct maskers can be equated for masking effectiveness in CI users
• Time available for integrating evidence is the main predictor of change detection success
• Time-dependent d prime is needed because trial outcomes resolve at different times
• Tinnitus affects 5-10 percent of people with CNS mechanisms largely unknown
• Tinnitus involves central nervous system mechanisms and remains poorly understood
• Tinnitus patients lack the normal task-related DMN deactivation seen in controls
• Tinnitus patients show reduced default mode network connectivity and a blunted task effect.
• Tinnitus patients show reduced functional connectivity in the precuneus region
• Tinnitus patients were matched to controls with normal hearing up to 8 kHz
• Tinnitus reduces default mode network activity by blocking mind-wandering
• Tinnitus severity is measured through distinct handicap, distress, and coping inventories
• Tone sequences restricted to 100-3200 Hz avoid inaudible pitches in normal hearers
• Too few channels were deactivated to demonstrate any speech benefit
• Top-down instructional attention modulates audiovisual speech perception in unimpaired listeners
• Top-down semantic knowledge compensates for degraded or inaudible speech
• Transcranial alternating current phase modulates auditory click detection at the stimulation frequency
• Transcranial alternating current stimulation entrains cortical oscillations and alters perception
• Transcranial stimulation may someday bypass impaired auditory pathways by injecting envelope information
• Transposed stimuli induce phase locking to the envelope at high carrier frequencies
• Transposing a tone pattern impairs detection, while exact repetition does not help.
• Transposition comparisons are facilitated by proximity in pitch space
• TRF regression weights reflect cortical activation at specific speech delays
• Twin-peaked neural response latencies likely reflect repeated firing of the same fibres
• Two equal interferers plus an 8-dB-lower target yields a global SNR near -11 dB.
• Two equal-level talkers yield a global SNR about 11 dB below each single masker
• Two inhibitory inputs jointly shape the hybrid neuron’s modulation response
• Two principal components capture most loudness-category variability
• Two-dimensional SNR-importance functions are needed to model filtered-source intelligibility
• Two-down one-up adaptive procedures estimate the 70 percent correct point
• Two-down one-up adaptive tracking estimates the 70 percent correct threshold
• Two-stage scene analysis extends from auditory to audiovisual speech scenes.
• Two-tone suppression is a direct measure of cochlear nonlinearity
• Two-tone suppression is an instantaneous reduction of basilar membrane response
• Two-tone suppression reflects saturation of outer-hair-cell receptor currents.
• Unconverged adaptive measurement runs are excluded as unusable data
• Understanding loudness’s neural basis could improve recruitment treatment
• Unequal neural survival across ears can invalidate place-matching logic for the BIC
• Uniform cross-neuron firing rate distinguishes true entracking from mere low rate
• Untransposed exact repetitions produce near-ceiling discrimination performance
• Valence perception is hearing-loss independent while arousal perception depends on amplification.
• Valence perception relies solely on pitch, unaffected by hearing loss or aids
• Variance-normalizing individual time-courses lets regression model both shape and amplitude differences
• Vertical-plane discrimination may improve when pinna cues are shifted to a perceptible band
• Vertical-plane MAA discrimination is tested with three-interval forced choice
• Very high SNRs can reduce rather than improve word recognition accuracy
• Vintage hi-fi loudness buttons compensated imperfectly for low-level hearing loss
• Virtual acoustic presentation uses convolved room impulse responses with headphone inverse filtering
• Virtual spatial audio is rendered from HRTFs recorded on a manikin
• Visual cues are required for loudness constancy to appear
• Visual streams can drive auditory segregation, but grouping order remains contested
• Visual-cortex contribution to speech grows over time in implant users
• Vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension serve as independent cognitive ability measures.
• Voluntary attention modulates how audiovisual contexts affect subsequent fusion
• Vowel coding relies on F0-synchronized rate contrasts, not just formant peaks.
• Vowel identification tests use short 180 ms synthesized tokens at roving levels
• Vowels are distinguished by the location of F1 and F2 formants
• Wearing a hearing aid normalizes arousal ratings across differing degrees of hearing loss.
• Wearing hearing aids can make users more intensity-sensitive than age-normal hearing peers.
• Western music’s privileged intervals show no perceptual detection advantage
• What appears as neural suppression may actually mix mechanical, adaptive, and refractory effects.
• When speech is already clear, further SNR improvement does not motivate clinic attendance
• Whether tinnitus causes or results from network changes is unknown
• White masking noise affects consonant perception in time slices as short as 100 ms.
• Wide-cue pinna size improves MAA only for hearing-impaired listeners
• Wider auditory filters and steeper cochlear compression reduce noise-induced hearing loss.
• Wiener-kernel analysis can separate excitatory from suppressive components in auditory nerve responses
• Wiener-kernel methods can reveal central gain changes in brainstem after peripheral damage
• Willingness to swap hearing devices requires at least 6 dB SNR improvement
• Within-stream pattern comparisons are easier than between-stream comparisons in auditory streaming
• Word recognition involves subconsciously weighing several overlapping word candidates before deciding.
• Word-discrimination tests use minimal pairs to isolate consonant and vowel contrasts.
• Working memory capacity explains under two percent of speech-in-noise variance in young listeners.
• Working memory compensates for degraded speech coding only when peripheral hearing deteriorates
• Working memory correlates with speech-in-noise performance only in middle-aged and older normal-hearing listeners
• Working memory is measured by separate storage-based and manipulation-based cognitive tasks.
• Working memory is the system maintaining information during simultaneous processing.
• Working memory only matters when the listening task is acoustically hard
• Working memory storage helps intelligibility while inhibition and vocabulary do not
• Working-memory capacity predicts speech understanding only in linguistically complex listening tasks
• Young listeners’ working memory stays irrelevant to speech-in-noise even at very difficult signal levels
• Zwicker tone interval settings are slightly more variable than pure-tone matches.
• Zwicker tone pitch sits about 10-20 percent above the notch’s lower edge frequency
• Zwicker tones arise centrally, not from cochlear mechanics or phase locking
• Zwicker tones have no cochlear mechanical or otoacoustic correlate.
• Zwicker tones matched in intervals nearly as reliably as pure tones.
• Zwicker tones produce no correlate in cochlear mechanical activity
• Zwicker tones produce pitch without peripheral phase locking.
• Zwicker tones require a notched noise with edges separated by a fixed ratio
• Zwicker tones support accurate musical interval matching like pure tones
• Zwicker-tone interval adjustments are as accurate as pure-tone adjustments
• Zwicker-tone pitch matches are more variable than pure-tone matches