Emotion in speech can be measured on arousal and valence dimensions rather than categories

Evidence

Affect perception was tested using the dimensional approach, in which participants indicate the level of the emotion dimensions arousal (calm vs. aroused) and valence (positive vs. negative attitude), separately on a rating scale (rather than labeling emotion categories such as “angry” or “sad”). — Dijk, Pim van, Physiology, Psychoacoustics and…, 1351

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the dimensional approach to affect perception as opposed to categorical emotion labeling.
• XREF: connects to: Emotion-detecting chips claim to classify twelve emotions across 64 trillion states — Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, 900