Hall, Stuart — Essential Essays, Volume 1

427 published claims from this book.

• A knight’s noble status forced him into the harsher penalty for robbery
• A non-religious impulse within religion can destroy its own forms
• A person can be socially poor yet individually wealthy
• A science can rest on psychological data yet serve non-psychological aims
• A science of society must study only forms of interaction
• A set of individuals can be society to varying degrees.
• Absolute monarchy actualizes rather than contradicts social-pattern theory
• Adventure as a form of experience belongs essentially to youth, not old age
• Adventure is an island in life with self-defined boundaries
• Adventures are remembered as dreamlike and as happening to someone else
• Aid repeated soon becomes a perceived right and duty for both giver and receiver.
• Although Jefferson may have had these ideas in mind, I think he meant something more than this-something quite distinct-and I imagine the American relationship to European thought to have been far…
• American sociologists saw shared-value theory as a defense against utilitarian models.
• American states’-rights parties invoked individual freedom while defending intermediate circles.
• An action is defined by conscious intention, not by its effects
• An ethics cannot be derived directly from ontological descriptions
• An individual’s exclusion from society enables their social participation
• Ancient Indians stored wealth as jewelry to keep it both liquid and personal
• Animal societies may have originated from sibling bonds rather than parent-child ties
• Anti-classicism attacks form itself, not just particular forms
• Anti-conformity movements reproduce the conformity they reject
• Antipathy is a protective element essential to urban living.
• Antiquity lacked both full objectivity and full subjectivity in thought
• Any limit on violence is itself a socializing factor
• Any social group can act as individual or aggregate depending on its relational frame.
• Aristocracies fail militarily because they fear mobilizing masses or strong generals
• Awareness of our limitations is what saves us from despair over them
• Bargaining exchange predates fixed-price commerce in many regions
• Biological individuality increases as species evolve upward
• Birth and death are immanent extensions of life itself.
• Bitterest conflict arises between those formerly most alike.
• Blasé attitude results from nerves exhausted by rapid contradictory stimuli
• Both aesthetic mood and money-possession liberate the self from resistant reality
• Both nature’s mechanism and history’s determinism oppress the modern self
• Both tolerating and opposing coercion serve the same psychic function
• Boundaries matter for social life but need not align with state or nation
• Breaching guild equality unleashed self-reinforcing specialization that dissolved the guild
• Broadly conceived disciplines fail to become autonomous sciences.
• Building autonomous objective culture resembles economic takeoff into self-sustaining growth
• Bureaucracy is a stylized model of society’s positional structure
• Catholic consecration creates priestly qualification rather than recognizing it
• China’s deprecating nobility spent down substance instead of accumulating it
• Christian eternal-soul doctrine unites extreme individualism with universal equality
• Civilization converts fear of the novel into desire for the bizarre
• Class norms can render poverty invisible by forbidding both asking and offering help
• Classic forms resist fashion because they lack points of attack for change
• Closed systems treat aesthetic completion as the proof of their truth
• Clubs dissolve the individual-versus-state binary into an intermediate structure
• Collectivities are networks of interaction, not substantive entities.
• Common oppression does not necessarily unify the oppressed
• Compassion fails when suffering lacks a visible individual face
• Complete absorption in the present makes future commitment impossible
• Conceptualization inevitably imposes form on formless life
• Conflict destructive at one level can integrate the larger group
• Conflict is a positive force distinct from mere indifference
• Conflicts and problems serve life independently of ever being solved
• Conformity to fashion can shield and protect an individual’s inner difference.
• Cosmopolitan interests perversely divide a nation’s own status groups
• Covert opposition alone can preserve relationships without practical effect.
• Creative work holds more life than its forms can contain
• Croce’s content-form identity is a philosophic category, not literary technique
• Crowds arouse sub-individual instincts while organized groups transcend individuals
• Cultivation develops a thing’s inner core rather than imposing external forms
• Cultural forms ossify and drift apart from the life that created them
• Culture as constitutive of practice retains contingency and is never finally determined
• Culture requires routing one’s perfection through external objects and spheres
• Cultures do not die but become undead, persisting as mere lifestyle options
• Deliberate action requires partial but not total foresight of consequences
• Democratic leveling rhetoric can cloak transfer of sovereignty to one man
• Denying shared humanity creates non-relation rather than strangeness within a group
• Depersonalized products carry more cultural significance than personal ones
• Differentiation of roles from serfdom enabled spatial mobility and distant relations
• Divergence between value and price arises when one value-quality becomes a single standard.
• Dogmatic fixation makes even minute doctrinal divergence logically irreconcilable
• Each cultural form is inevitably replaced by its successor
• Each era’s central idea gives way to the next epoch’s
• Each person holds a constant ratio of individual to social factors
• Each person is a fragment even of their own singular type
• Economic value arises only through sacrifice and exchange
• Economic value emerges through the distance exchange creates between self and object
• Ego emerges as the constant amid rapid psychic alternation
• Ego-withdrawal is normal in youth but becomes pathological when the ego rigidifies
• Eighteenth-century English parties’ shared aristocratic pact blunted genuine conflict
• Eighteenth-century humanitarianism replaced work-based poor relief with a subsistence right.
• Eighteenth-century liberalism trusted natural competition to yield harmony
• Elites fear change because it can only threaten their status
• Emancipated women signal status through indifference to fashion.
• Ethical merit requires the conquest of contrary impulses
• Ethical value-schemes map fortuitously onto objective social forms
• Europe’s high nobility was highly mobile across national borders
• Even power relationships involve reciprocal influence between parties
• Even seemingly one-way relations involve hidden reciprocal influence from the audience.
• Every exchange is individually advantageous given its actual circumstances
• Every group member is simultaneously part and object of the group
• Every interaction, including love and conversation, is a form of exchange.
• Every particular psychic content is exceeded by lived experience itself
• Every person fuses social inheritance with free individual autonomy
• Every person is perceived as both unique individual and general type
• Every social content is also individually borne and intelligible
• Everyday psychic duration stands opposed to authentic historicity
• Exchange creates value as genuinely as production does.
• Exchange creates value such that the sum exceeds what each party held.
• Exchange is a change within each party, not a thing between them.
• Exchange itself, not utility or scarcity, creates economic value.
• Exchange stands as the purest form of human interaction and rationalizes daily life.
• Exchange value is always judged relative to the moment’s circumstances
• Expanded social circles throw the individual back upon himself
• Expanding the market weakens the producer’s ethical investment in labor
• Extreme individualist critiques flourish precisely because cities breed them
• Extreme social control occurs in both the widest and narrowest circles simultaneously
• Fashion dictates styles with no objective, aesthetic, or practical justification.
• Fashion diffusion works through upper-class innovation followed by lower-class imitation and upper-class retreat
• Fashion goods resist the rationalization that transforms other production
• Fashion heightens the felt presence of the present moment
• Fashion is abandoned by a class once it diffuses to other classes
• Fashion recurs cyclically because old forms regain the charm of difference once forgotten
• Fashion requires both the impulse to union and to isolation
• Fashion substitutes for class and profession as a source of individual differentiation.
• Feudalism’s narrow circles suppressed both collective spirit and individual freedom
• Fighting for a cause rather than oneself can intensify rather than soften conflict
• Fights over worthless chips reveal that fighting itself motivates conflict
• For nobility, forbiddenness itself constitutes a social privilege rather than a burden
• Forced unification into large structures intensifies differentiation and repulsion among parts.
• Form and content readings are exchangeable refocusings of the same phenomenon
• Form conters uniqueness on matter while pure continuity admits no closed structures.
• Form-versus-life conflict anticipates modern structure-versus-antistructure debates
• Formal similarity of social position creates solidarity regardless of personal character
• Formality’s mask grants freedom from full personal responsibility for one’s appearance
• Forms differ from Kantian categories by informing all experience and changing over time
• Forms of interaction retain identity across varied contents and historical settings
• Freedom grows by ceding outward conformity while guarding an inner core
• Freedom is compatible with determinism when thought is part of the causal mix
• French Negroes internalize conflict while American Negroes wage it openly
• Functional differentiation frees individuals from role-dictated behavior
• Generosity is a disguised mode of destruction and appropriation
• Genuine assistance is always reciprocal, an interaction between giver and receiver
• Germany and England objectified class struggle through different institutional routes
• Giver-centered charity derails the recipient’s interests and even harms them
• Great love is tragic because it opposes species-purpose
• Greatly widened circles permit misanthropic detachment and extreme individualism
• Greek thought lacked a pure relational concept, subsuming reciprocity under friendship
• Historical coinage rebellions show money’s nature provokes unprincipled, disproportionate demands
• Historical understanding arises from ordinary empathic understanding of neighbors
• Historically the trader role was filled by strangers
• Homeless people organize among themselves when poverty takes on a shared positive content
• Human existence is simultaneously bounded in every direction and in none
• Human life must be understood under both individual and social attributes at once
• Human sociality is one possibility among several, not the only lens on experience
• Humanity functions as an organizing idea, not a concrete entity
• Humanity’s viewpoint and society’s viewpoint remain in principle distinct
• Ideas are most fruitful when heirs transform them beyond recognition
• Identical interaction forms recur across radically different social groups
• In narrow circles individuality requires leadership or complete inner independence
• In sociable conversation talk becomes an end in itself, not a vehicle for content
• In social games players perform the very structure of society itself
• Individual and society are methodological standpoints, not separable entities
• Individual diversity can be conceived as a division of labor among unique beings
• Individual mental distinctiveness emerges only from contact with objective culture.
• Individual motives become social only through forms of mutual interaction
• Individual receptive capacity is finite while objective culture grows infinitely
• Individual uniqueness as a value denies equality rather than grounds it
• Individualism of equality and individualism of inequality both require large social circles.
• Individuality and universal equality historically arise as twin reactions to inequality
• Individuality increases as the social circle expands
• Individualization loosens ties with the near to enable ties with the distant
• Inherited substance without individual creativity decays into empty formalism
• Initial hatred can precede the most passionate love
• Instrumentalizing charity alienates individuals more radically than explicit communal sacrifice does
• Intellectual originality can be a product of marginal social position
• Intellectuals turned to mysticism because church forms felt inadequate
• Interaction persists even where coercion appears total
• Internal uniformity and exclusivity of a group block universal humanity ties
• Irreconcilable conflict gives society its texture, durability, and resilience
• Knightly societies equated dignity with person-to-person service
• Labor is means-oriented while aristocratic ethos centers on personal being
• Labor power only becomes a value through the possibility of exchange.
• Labor sacrifice is both absolute discomfort and relative opportunity cost
• Larger social circles encourage individual freedom; smaller ones restrict it
• Larger social circles expand possibilities for developing unique inner lives.
• Larger states breed more provincial local communities than smaller states do
• Law is the strongest device for freezing relations against inner change
• Lebensphilosophie claims only life can grasp the truth of life
• Legal quarrels are driven by ego self-preservation, not love of fighting
• Liberated individuals turn from equality toward distinguishing themselves from others
• Life alone realizes time by transcending the present in both directions
• Life and its cultural forms are fundamentally in tension
• Life as a whole can be perceived as an adventure from a higher standpoint
• Life both requires and overflows every determinate form
• Life can only enter reality through forms that inherently contradict it
• Life finds only illusory goals and ultimate disappointment when confined to itself
• Life is simultaneously boundless continuity and boundary-determined ego
• Life’s destructive elements are positive fulfillments within the whole
• Life’s essence unifies will-to-life and will-to-power.
• Life’s needs rather than independent reason determine what counts as truth
• Life’s present continuously stretches into the future rather than aiming at fixed goals
• Life’s self-transcendence makes time real, unlike analytical separation of tenses
• Lived life always experiences the present as stretched with past and future
• Loss of felt uniqueness breeds estrangement in intimate relationships
• Many diverse stimulations, not few, make the ego self-aware
• Market production for unknown buyers erodes personal knowledge between parties
• Marxist analysis removed personal blame from labor conflict while deepening it
• Meaning in culture emerges only through interaction with other elements
• Medieval knighthood fused individual authenticity with cosmopolitanism.
• Metropolitan complexity forces exact punctuality to prevent social collapse
• Metropolitan life forces a rational over emotional response to protect the psyche
• Micro-level symbolic encounters carry relative autonomy from the social structure
• Microscopic everyday interactions are the threads that bind society.
• Miser and spendthrift each collapse one link of the means-end chain into an end
• Miser and spendthrift share an insatiable drive since satisfaction is sought in means
• Misery’s impersonal immediacy once demanded local assistance, only later state centralization.
• Modern individuals derive their ideals from specialized occupational roles, not unified cultural wholes
• Modern life imposes new constraints even as it claims to expand choice
• Modern love attaches to unanalyzable individuality rather than to any specific attribute
• Modern love is irreducibly bound to a unique individual, unlike Plato’s
• Modern religiosity persists after its supernatural objects are excised
• Modern worldview collapsed the transcendent beyond back into subjective life
• Money economy reduces persons to quantitative exchange value
• Money expands economic circles and individualizes participants simultaneously
• Money functions as magic, making desire immediately effective
• Money makes desire instantly operative, dissolving the technical distance to objects
• Money yields unlimited mastery because it resists the resistance of concrete objects
• Moral obligations derive from objective ideality, not from society or individual will
• More people are qualified for leadership than leadership positions exist
• Music led culture by giving the new palpable form, a capacity now lost
• Nature is constructed by the mind’s synthetic activity from raw sense perceptions
• Nineteenth-century social science framed civilization as growth toward inequality
• No institution can fully reconcile social uniformity and individual differentiation.
• No mental form shapes all material uniformly regardless of its structure
• No single bond alone can produce or sustain a social group.
• No single observational distance yields a truer view than another
• Nobiliary status runs both ways, forbidding what is allowed to others
• Nobility could arise from recurring expectations rather than prior distinction
• Nobility is self-sufficient like a framed work of art
• Nobility remains endogamous to preserve unbroken transmitted substance
• Nobility smelted individuals into the group while aiming at individual self-sufficiency
• Nobility uniquely synthesized collective standardization with individual freedom
• Nobility’s prestige depends on cohesive circle boundaries being recognized.
• Noblesse oblige makes every moment of the noble fixed by law
• Objectified conflict follows its own intrinsic logic without subjective moderation
• Objectified cultural forms always lag behind the life that created them
• Objective and subjective culture are distinct measurable phenomena
• Objective and subjective culture grow by fundamentally different logics
• Objective criminal law also protects the criminal from excess punishment
• Objective culture grows far faster than subjective individual culture
• Objective group rule proves beneficial only when subordinates need impartiality, not mercy
• Objective status markers are excluded from pure social interaction
• Odysseus is the prototypical bourgeois hobbyist whose leisure confirms his power over labor
• One can only recognize a boundary by stepping outside of it
• One reality supports many independent scientific viewpoints of it
• One’s own action is misrepresented when understood through the other’s observable teleology
• Opposed behaviors like miserliness and prodigality share a single root impulse
• Opposing fashion is itself a form of conforming
• Opposites like good and evil are relative contrasts within an absolute whole
• Opposition gives people a sense of agency that sustains their relationships.
• Oppressed persons first grasp their shared condition as being looked at from outside.
• Others facing the same exclusion often adapt rather than fight
• Others serve the ego only as way stations toward the self
• Overwhelming objective culture forces individuals to exaggerate their peculiarities
• Park’s sociological method shifted focus from abstract forms to concrete collectivities and consensus.
• Park’s students kept Simmel’s social relations while dropping his social process focus.
• Parsons and Park both explained order through consensus rather than transactions.
• People inevitably perceive others through generalization because full individual knowledge is impossible
• Perceived cosmic injustice generalizes blame to any better-off individual
• Personality arises from consciousness’s reflective self-presence, not from the Ego
• Philosophy and art hold objects at greater distance than science does
• Philosophy serves empirical disciplines both prior and posterior to research
• Plato’s rational interpretation of love ignited a supra-rational enthusiasm.
• Political freedom at the state level coexisted with extreme individual restriction in communal Russia
• Polytheism’s local cults gave way to one personal God, uniting all deities’ powers
• Poor-relief law, like animal-protection law, punishes only public scandal
• Popular culture belongs to an alliance of oppressed classes
• Possessing pure potentiality can satisfy more deeply than any realization
• Poverty is defined by social reaction, not by material deficiency
• Poverty, like crime, is defined by social reaction rather than inherent state
• Preserving religious feeling requires abandoning religious forms
• Prestige-priced shops reveal money as the supreme value through denial
• Pretended sociable equality is art-like play, not a lie, until reality intrudes
• Priestly celibacy deliberately severed local attachments and enabled papal absolutism
• Primitive aversion to exchange stems from fear of deception and self-loss.
• Prostitutes’ moral adaptation reflects social demand, not innate depravity
• Prostitution reduces sex to species-generic content matched by money
• Prostitution’s humiliation is a cultural product of differentiation, not a universal.
• Purpose-driven conflict can be substituted but feeling-driven conflict cannot
• Quakers show extreme collective individualism paired with social regulation of private life
• Rapid fashion change signals nervous exhaustion in an era
• Rare and brief city encounters push people to stylize themselves as sharply individualized
• Rational exchange presupposes detachment that impulsive minds cannot achieve
• Reciprocal modern love presupposes each ego having secured a definite boundary
• Religious estrangement from earthly life mirrors the adventure’s fragmentary character
• Renaissance culture paired perfected individuality with transcendence of local milieus.
• Representation and textuality can literally determine life and death, not merely shape discourse
• Resigned love asks only usefulness and accepts replaceability, yet still brings unhappiness
• Restricting hostility to one precise target can intensify it dramatically
• Richer individuals need wider choice circles to satisfy their specific needs
• Rising individual worth and falling money value make monetized justice impossible.
• Rising individuality necessarily yields belief in mankind’s ideal unity
• Rising prosperity and social conscience drive the poor to hide and isolate
• Robbery was honored because it defied subordination to objective norms.
• Rulers administer enjoyment to subjects until it is extinguished in fixed entertainments
• Ruling-personality cohesion and individual freedom both stem from group-shackle breaking
• Ruskin and Nietzsche hated the metropolis for its schematized reduction of life
• Sacrifice is the inner condition of value, not merely an obstacle to it
• Sacrifice itself can generate the value of its goal
• Salaried officials embody objective collectivity while unpaid ones act personally
• Schleiermacher made individual uniqueness itself a moral imperative
• Self-awareness lifts the I above itself while it remains itself
• Self-knowledge of one’s limits requires a vantage point outside them
• Seller competition manufactures ever new consumer needs, which in turn amplifies individual variation
• Separation deliberately pursued produces the sharpest and bitterest conflicts.
• Serfdom’s abolition split the peasant’s fused roles into pure owners and pure laborers
• Shame arises from individual isolation and dissolves within collective action
• Shared enmity of a common ruler strongly binds groups together
• Shared universal traits make the stranger simultaneously near and far
• Sharing a beloved superordinate turns co-subjects into intensified mutual enemies via jealousy
• Simmel advanced technical sociology mainly as a byproduct of metaphysical concerns
• Simmel offers a transactional counterparadigm stressing individual experience and distance.
• Simmel reads human experience as creative, fragmented, conflictual, and individualistic
• Simmel saw cultural evolution producing diverse incommensurable worlds, not unified humanity
• Simmel’s conflicts are mostly productive rather than tragic
• Simmel’s errors still stimulate more thought than others’ valid findings
• Simmel’s inquiry always proceeds by disclosing the form of a bounded phenomenon
• Sociability among equals is an artificial stylized game, not a return to natural self
• Sociability’s democratic reciprocity fails across different social classes
• Sociable conversation’s topics are interchangeable means, never fixed purposes
• Social consensus precedes individual competence in judgment
• Social forms can be classified by the interpersonal distances they create
• Social forms must be abstracted from many historical instances
• Social fragmentation liberates while cultural fragmentation frustrates self-development
• Social generalization, though distorting, is what makes social relations possible
• Social institutions are peace treaties between imitation and individual differentiation.
• Social relations can be analyzed purely as formal configurations
• Social relations crystallize into fixed external forms that cannot keep pace with inner life
• Social types can embody an all-dominating orientation to the world
• Social unity is felt through concrete relations rather than abstract awareness
• Socialism is only one possible means to a psychological end
• Societies require a mix of discord and harmony to take determinate shape
• Society aids the poor to neutralize a threat, not to help them
• Society is a concrete generality neither reducible to individuals nor abstract
• Society names both actual human networks and the abstract forms of sociality
• Society presupposes a harmony between its structure and individual inner callings
• Society’s unity is self-produced by its members, unlike nature’s observer-made unity
• Sociological poverty is defined by receiving assistance, not lacking means
• Sociology relates to social sciences as geometry relates to physics.
• Sociology studies abstract forms of interaction as geometry studies spatial forms
• Sociology treats psychological processes only as carriers of social forms
• Sociology’s proper object is the forms relating two or more individuals
• Species with strong parental care produce fewer offspring than those without it
• State assistance is efficient only where objective criteria dominate
• States can owe obligations to the poor without granting them corresponding rights
• States relieve visible need while private charity treats individual causes
• Stoic individualism was complemented by cosmopolitanism rooted in universal Reason.
• Strangeness is a specific proportion of nearness and distance
• Stranger objectivity is freedom from perceptual and normative bias
• Strangers are perceived by type rather than as individuals
• Strictly conceived, reality is not temporal at all
• Structuralism studies only closed formal systems, not open surface variety.
• Subjective and objective culture necessarily oppose each other
• Subordination stops being degrading once framed as impersonal technique
• Tact replaces real interests as the regulator of pure social interaction
• Taxation evolved from gifts and penalties to chiefs
• Teleological human action alone does not constitute culture
• The 1894 Berlin brewery boycott combined objective conduct with utmost violence
• The adventure and the artwork share a self-contained integral form
• The adventurer treats incalculable fate as if it were calculable
• The blasé outlook is uniquely a metropolitan psychic phenomenon
• The Brahman was the most powerful yet most unfree man in India
• The cash economy correlates social expansion with individual differentiation
• The concept of life frames the fundamental decisions of modern existence
• The eighteenth century equated individuality with freedom and assumed natural human equality
• The eighteenth century made abstract universal humanity sacred over particular persons
• The family tree symbol holds across plant and noble substance flow
• The felt obligation to continue charity presupposes a preexisting moral bond.
• The firmly grounded relation dares conflict while weak ones avoid it
• The form-content distinction is a methodological device, not a real separation
• The formal content distinction in sociology can only be illustrated, not yet defined
• The individual’s inner mental relations mirror social relations among persons
• The local community functioned as an individual against the state
• The metropolis reduces individuals to negligible cogs in an objective culture
• The middle class is open at both boundaries while nobility is closed at both
• The money economy makes social action approach pure objectivity
• The most unconditional conflicts rest on the strictest shared norms
• The narrow circle and the large circle yield equal life chances
• The new morality condemns marriage and prostitution as forms crushing erotic life
• The permanence of change itself grants passing objects an illusion of duration
• The poor form a social stratum united by society’s attitude, not by interaction
• The poor resemble strangers in being both outside and constitutive of the group
• The poor stand outside the group as a form of being inside
• The Romantic self is constituted through successive contrasting experiences
• The self discovers itself only in situation and must alone sustain all values
• The self forms only through engagement with that which denies its unity
• The self fragments into subject and object when stress ruptures immediate experience
• The state’s enlarged scope over patriarchs freed sons’ personalities
• The stranger embodies a simultaneous union of closeness and remoteness
• The stranger fuses detachment with attachment, coming today but staying tomorrow
• The tension between life and form drives cultural change.
• The truth of ideas is independent of their social origins
• The two projects differ in humanity’s teleology, not self-construction
• The weakening of permanent convictions drives modern consciousness toward fashion
• Theorists should understand the metropolis rather than judge it
• Trade is the stranger’s natural occupation, exemplified by European Jews
• Trade with outsiders splits a self-sufficient group into opposed producer factions
• Treating another as a mere means abolishes sociation itself
• True equality among people is impossible due to inescapable uniqueness
• Truth of a theory is independent of either its productivity or its non-application
• Two-person exchange is a subspecies of the individual’s internal sacrifice-and-gain.
• Understanding others requires no shared experience
• Unequal distance to a common head rigidly differentiates subordinates
• Union with God requires retaining a separate self to make the union meaningful
• Unlimited individual freedom breeds new repression through natural inequality
• Unrestricted warfare destroys the mutual confidence needed for any peace
• Urban division of labor creates hyper-specialized professions like Paris’s paid fourteenth dinner guest
• Urban exactitude suppresses irrational, instinctive, sovereign impulses
• Urban growth past a threshold produces self-reinforcing cosmopolitan expansion that transforms quantity into quality
• Urban interaction rests on a hierarchy of sympathies, indifferences, and aversions.
• Urban reserve conceals a latent antipathy that functions as a form of socialization
• Utopian fulfillment splits into temporal tendency and perceptual latency of present things.
• Weber found Simmel’s methodology and results fundamentally flawed
• Weber withheld criticism of Simmel to protect his job prospects
• Weber’s methodology and theory of rationalization drew directly from Simmel
• Welfare can target the fact of poverty or its individual causes
• Welfare is the only democratic administration excluding its own beneficiaries from participation
• Welfare is the only public institution acting on individuals but for the community’s sake
• What is form in one context can be content in another.
• When one social impulse is blocked, people compensate elsewhere
• Widely shared similarities cool connections into a sense of contingency
• Women denied agency compensate through extravagant dress.
• Youth values the process of life while adults cling to its objective forms