Political freedom at the state level coexisted with extreme individual restriction in communal Russia
Evidence
A good example of this is the coexistence of communal restrictions and political freedom as found in the Russian governmental system during the preczarist period. Especially in the period of the Mongol wars, Russia had a large number of territorial units, principalities, cities, and village communes that were not held together by any kind of unifying political bond; and thus on the whole they enjoyed great political freedom. For all that, however, the restriction of the individual in commune society was the narrowest imaginable, so much so that there was absolutely no private ownership of land, which only the commune possessed. This narrow confinement in the circle of the commune, which deprived the individual of personal property and often of freedom of movement as well, is the counterpart of the lack of all binding relations with a wider political circle. — Georg Simmel, on individuality and social forms_…, 619
Categorization
- XREF: connects to: Human rights vanish for people who lack their own sovereign government; Democratic freedoms only function where citizens form groups or hierarchies — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 749; The class system coexisted with political equality and blocked republics (+1 more)