Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji — Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes

75 published claims from this book.

• A diffuse attitude toward one attribute can implicitly inflect judgments of unrelated attributes.
• A scientific construct must yield disconfirmable predictions that differ from existing ones
• A stereotype differs from an attitude by mixing beliefs with diverging evaluative valences.
• Accessible memories can shape judgments without the person recognizing their causal influence.
• Affiliation and rejection behaviors function as second-order boosts to self-esteem.
• An indirect measure is defined relationally by researcher inference, not by procedure.
• Arguments linked to self gain credibility via generalized self-positivity.
• Attitudes activated by one object can be misattributed to another
• Attitudes often form instantly without any introspectively accessible basis
• Attitudes only strongly predict behavior under conditions of strong activation and perceived relevance
• Attitudes predict behavior even without attentional focus
• Attractiveness-halo findings are skewed by male-subject female-target designs.
• Aversive racism pits sincere egalitarian values against unacknowledged anti-Black feelings.
• Awareness of prior influence marks the boundary separating implicit cognition from priming effects
• Basking in reflected glory and downward comparison are complementary affiliation strategies for self-esteem.
• Blinding audits cannot undo accumulated experiential advantages from past discrimination.
• Conscious attention disrupts the influence of weak automatic cues on perception and memory.
• Dependence primes increase rated dependence only for female, not male, targets.
• Dissociation between implicit and explicit measures validates the implicit attitude construct.
• Distraction raises stereotype expression but lowers stereotype activation
• Early implicit priming results were open to alternative non-stereotype explanations.
• Early-century concepts like cathexis and ego defense anticipated implicit attitudes
• Essay evaluation favoring male authors indirectly reveals a gender stereotype linking men with achievement.
• Familiarity from exposure frequency cannot explain the name-letter effect
• Goldberg’s male-author bias effect is robust under his original essay-attribution procedure.
• Greater explicit positivity toward women rules out the attitude interpretation of male-name favoritism.
• Halo effect is implicit attitude diffusion from one attribute to unrelated judgments.
• Implicit attitudes are past-experience traces not introspectively identified by the actor.
• Implicit cognition cannot be studied with introspection-presuming direct measures.
• Implicit cognition is past experience’s unnoticed trace shaping responses.
• Implicit cognition theory yields predictions untestable by available measurement tools.
• Implicit gender stereotypes are shared by both sexes.
• Implicit self-esteem predicts effects have self-esteem as moderator
• Implicit self-esteem’s distinctive prediction is that effects strengthen with measured self-esteem.
• Implicit stereotyping occurs in people who explicitly reject prejudice.
• Indirect behavioral measures of implicit bias predate modern reaction-time methods.
• Indirectness of a measure depends on researcher’s inference, not subject’s awareness
• Instant likes and dislikes often arise without any introspectively accessible basis.
• Judge attractiveness bias measurably reduces real-world fines and bail amounts
• Laboratory models of unconscious cognition enabled research on implicit social cognition
• Making an implicit self-esteem cue salient does not by itself diminish its influence.
• Measuring stereotypes indirectly reveals prejudice explicit surveys miss
• Members of disadvantaged groups deny their own discrimination implicitly
• Mere exposure effects depend on fluency misattributed to liking, not memory.
• Mere exposure effects strengthen as memory for exposures is reduced.
• Mere exposure to subliminal affects can transfer value to neutral stimuli via misattribution
• Mere group membership suffices to trigger self-esteem-linked favoritism.
• Out-group favoritism contradicts social identity theory’s premise of self-enhancement.
• Past experience shapes judgments without the actor knowing it.
• People evaluate persuasive evidence as biased in favor of their own prior views.
• People lack reliable introspective access to the causes of their own behavior
• People misattribute halo-effect influence onto wrong causes while denying it
• People misreport which attribute influenced their judgments even about observable traits.
• Perceived academic status biases recalled physical size of a person.
• Physically attractive people are judged superior on unrelated personality and character dimensions
• Real-world blinding fails because stigmatizing attributes correlate with other, non-removable characteristics.
• Redirecting attention to a biasing cue reduces or reverses the implicit effect it produces.
• Research practice overwhelmingly assumes attitudes operate consciously
• Self-associated letters, especially one’s initials, are implicitly preferred
• Self-esteem operates implicitly through self-serving judgment biases that also buttress the self.
• Self-esteem rises from joining the positively valued and distancing from the negatively valued.
• Similarity-attraction functions as an implicit shield for self-esteem
• Similarity-attraction operates by linking the stranger to the self
• Social cognition largely operates in an implicit mode
• Social psychology circa 1989 almost exclusively used direct self-report attitude measures.
• Social psychology long treated attitudes and stereotypes as consciously accessible via self-report.
• Stereotype-driven trait-priming effects operate without conscious awareness and are culturally shared
• Stereotypes can operate implicitly outside conscious awareness
• Students who receive higher grades implicitly reward their instructors with higher ratings
• Subliminal stereotype priming raises hostility judgments regardless of stated prejudice.
• The attitude construct’s own history never barred unconscious operation
• The fame-judgment paradigm can be adapted to detect implicit gender stereotypes.
• The gain-loss effect boosts self-esteem more than steady praise does.
• The implicit self-esteem hypothesis requires an indirect measure that did not yet exist.
• Weather mood influences expressed life satisfaction judgments.