Social psychology long treated attitudes and stereotypes as consciously accessible via self-report.

Evidence

Through much of the period since the 1930s, most social psychologists have assumed that attitudes, and to a lesser extent stereotypes, operate in a conscious mode. This widespread assumption of conscious operation is most evident in the nearuniversal practice of operationalizing attitudes (including selfesteem) and stereotypes with direct (instructed self-report) measures. The pervasiveness of direct measurement for attitudes and stereotypes was documented by Greenwald (1990) and by Banaji and Greenwald (1994) and is further reviewed below. In contrast, this article describes an indirect, unconscious, or implicit mode of operation for attitudes and stereotypes. — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition, 7

Categorization

• DEFINE: Establishes the central ‘implicit vs explicit/conscious’ distinction that frames the whole paper and the reader’s reading purpose.
• XREF: Frames the dichotomy the reader is using to check whether implicit bias measures track the MOC’s group-defense mechanisms or diverge from them. — connects to: Social psychology circa 1989 almost exclusively used direct self-report attitude measures. — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes,…, 78; Implicit attitude measures reveal prejudice explicit self-reports miss — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 759; Overt self-reporting of prejudice is contaminated by social-desirability concerns — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 269

Broader Connections

• Social psychology circa 1989 almost exclusively used direct self-report attitude measures. #expands (0.88) — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition, 78
• Overt self-reporting of prejudice is contaminated by social-desirability concerns #complicates (0.85) — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 269
• Implicit attitude measures reveal prejudice explicit self-reports miss #responds-to (0.82) — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 759