Measuring stereotypes indirectly reveals prejudice explicit surveys miss

Evidence

Crosby, Bromley, and Saxe (1980) were able to locate enough research using indirect measures of prejudicial stereotypes to conclude that “anti-Black sentiments are much more prevalent among White Americans than the survey data [i.e., direct or explicit measures of stereotypes] lead one to expect.” Although the use of indirect measures in these studies often reflects the researchers’ intent to avoid intrusion of unwanted demand or impression-management artifacts (which would plausibly suppress accurate expressions of conscious stereotypes), some of the research that is summarized just below was designed specifically to investigate unconscious operation of stereotypes. These studies suggest that stereotypes are often expressed implicitly in the behavior of persons who explicitly disavow the stereotype. — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition, 194

Categorization

• DEEPTHINKING: This is the pivotal move that distinguishes implicit measures from mere indirect/demand-avoiding ones: implicit attitudes are not ‘hidden conscious attitudes’ but operate in people who explicitly disavow them — matching the core question in the reading purpose.
• XREF: connects to: Implicit prejudice measures are not clearly more valid than survey measures — Christopher Tarman and David O. Sears, The Conceptualization and Measurement…, 223; Implicit attitude measures reveal prejudice explicit self-reports miss — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 759; Survey correlations between prejudice scales may be inflated by response style, not real relationships — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 1044 (+10 more)

Broader Connections

• Implicit attitude measures reveal prejudice explicit self-reports miss #corroborates (0.97) — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 759
• Implicit measures reveal prejudice that explicit self-report instruments cannot capture #corroborates (0.96) — John F. Dovidio, Peter Glick, Laurie A. Rudman, On the Nature of Prejudice, 759
• Implicit prejudice measures are not clearly more valid than survey measures #contradicts (0.90) — Christopher Tarman and David O. Sears, The Conceptualization and Measurement…, 223
• Social desirability bias does not measurably invalidate prejudice survey measures #contradicts (0.88) — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 2200
• The representativeness heuristic can be repurposed as a covert measure of implicit group stereotypes #exemplifies (0.86) — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 273
• Automatic stereotypic associations operate preconsciously and independently of self-reported prejudice #expands (0.85) — John F. Dovidio, Peter Glick, Laurie A. Rudman, On the Nature of Prejudice, 298
• Automatic race stereotypes operate regardless of self-reported prejudice #corroborates (0.85)
• Implicit measures are required to study nonconscious gender stereotypes #exemplifies (0.82) — John F. Dovidio, Peter Glick, Laurie A. Rudman, On the Nature of Prejudice, 778
• Prejudice and stereotypes can operate implicitly without perceivers’ awareness #corroborates (0.78) — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 2378
• Survey correlations between prejudice scales may be inflated by response style, not real relationships #qualifies (0.75) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 1044
• Agree-response bias can inflate prejudice scale scores artificially #qualifies (0.74)
• Measuring prejudice often requires inferring attitudes from their observable effects #expands (0.72) — Erik Bleich, Defining and Researching Islamophobia, 64
• Stereotypes influence judgments even when perceivers are unaware #corroborates (0.72) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 2933