Social psychology circa 1989 almost exclusively used direct self-report attitude measures.

Evidence

The authors’ 1989 census included not only studies that obviously dealt with attitudes (as indicated by title or abstract), but also ones that more incidentally included measures of evaluation toward the self, others, or social objects, for example in studies of person perception and in-group bias. Each of the 47 studies found to include an attitude measure was judged for presence of both direct and indirect attitude measures. All 47 (100%) used at least one direct measure of attitude, and only 6 (13%) used some form of indirect measure. — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition, 78

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: An indirect measure is defined relationally by researcher inference, not by procedure. — Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji, Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes,…, 82; Overt self-reporting of prejudice is contaminated by social-desirability concerns — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 269

Related

• Research practice overwhelmingly assumes attitudes operate consciously (similarity 0.87)
• Social psychology long treated attitudes and stereotypes as consciously accessible via self-report. (similarity 0.84)
• An indirect measure is defined relationally by researcher inference, not by procedure. (similarity 0.83)
• Overt self-reporting of prejudice is contaminated by social-desirability concerns (similarity 0.81)
• Laboratory models of unconscious cognition enabled research on implicit social cognition (similarity 0.78)

Broader Connections

• Overt self-reporting of prejudice is contaminated by social-desirability concerns #expands (0.80) — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 269