Muslim religious identity becomes a racial category through surveillance.

Evidence

Studying the surveillance of Muslim Americans enables an understanding of how their religious identity undergoes racialization. Racialization is a theoretical framework that has been increasingly used to explain the fluidity and malleability of racial identity. … Racialization allows scholars to accurately capture the myriad of ways groups experience marginalization. The use of this concept also permits scholars to uncover the various spaces where racial experiences occur and to contextualize these experiences. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 65

Categorization

Category: Definitional Content

• DEFINE: Establishes her central theorization: racialization as the extension of racial meaning to a previously unclassified group, explicitly borrowed from Omi and Winant.
• XREF: Directly answers the reader’s guiding question on religion vs. race — faith racialized through institutional targeting rather than phenotype.

Related

• Surveillance racializes Muslims by casting them as threats rather than protected citizens. (similarity 0.91)
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling (similarity 0.91)
• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination (similarity 0.89)
• Surveillance derives from country-of-origin priority lists that racialize Muslim identity (similarity 0.89)
• Muslim Americans are racialized even when visibly white, so racialization must include cultural traits (similarity 0.89)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims (similarity 0.88)
• Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens (similarity 0.88)
• The War on Terror racialized Muslim bodies to justify their surveillance (similarity 0.88)
• State surveillance targets religious identity rather than class or political loyalty (similarity 0.87)
• Surveillance targets Muslim Americans based on religious identity regardless of citizenship (similarity 0.87)
• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people (similarity 0.87)
• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion (similarity 0.87)
• US surveillance systematically targets select bodies using racial cues (similarity 0.87)
• The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion. (similarity 0.87)
• Racial targeting makes mere category membership, not enmity, grounds for persecution (similarity 0.87)

Broader Connections

• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims #corroborates (0.90) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 344
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling #corroborates (0.85) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 169
• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination #exemplifies (0.80) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 181
• Surveillance derives from country-of-origin priority lists that racialize Muslim identity #expands (0.80) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 209
• The hijab rather than skin tone triggers racializing surveillance of Muslim women #exemplifies (0.75) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 254
• Religious identity racializes Arab and South Asian Muslims along shared lines #expands (0.70) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 83
• Racializing Muslims as threats sustains a surveillance state with gendered effects #expands (0.70) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 346
• Muslims move down the racial hierarchy rather than becoming a new race #complicates (0.70) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 458