Racial profiling extends to religious signifiers like Muslim names and clothing.

Evidence

Based on this definition, racial profiling is not limited to discrimination based on skin tone but can include traits associated with religion or ethnicity. Religious signifiers, such as a Muslim name and clothing, inspire racial profiling in airports, which is captured in the phrase flying while Muslim, revealing the racial nature of this encounter, as it is a reference to driving while Black—­abusive stops and searches of African American drivers that is triggered by skin tone. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 227

Categorization

• DEFINE: Directly answers the reader’s guiding question: how faith gets racialized — through the parallel drawn with driving while Black and the ACLU definition.
• XREF: Parallels driving while Black — and connects to the reader’s interest in whether religion operates as race here. — connects to: Anti-terror policing may have created a new offense of political protest while Muslim. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 583; Airport profiling collapses religious identity and racial appearance into a single target — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 65; FBI discipline of black religion proceeded through profiling and cataloging (+26 more)

Broader Connections

• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling #corroborates (0.80)
• Muslim-name profiling is racial, not religious, discrimination #corroborates (0.80)
• Muslim religious identity becomes a racial category through surveillance. #corroborates (0.75)
• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination #corroborates (0.75)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims #corroborates (0.70)
• Ordinary fashion choices become racial markers on hijabi bodies #exemplifies (0.70) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 412
• Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens #corroborates (0.65) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 650
• Muslim-sounding names trigger false positives on watchlists. #exemplifies (0.65)
• Even watchlisted Muslims face additional appearance-based profiling #qualifies (0.60)
• Cultural traits like language, clothing, and religious practice can racialize a group. #expands (0.60)
• Surveillance derives from country-of-origin priority lists that racialize Muslim identity #expands (0.55)
• Religious identity racializes Arab and South Asian Muslims along shared lines #expands (0.50)
• The state authorizes citizens to racially profile Muslims under national security #expands (0.50) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 424