Muslim Americans are racialized even when visibly white, so racialization must include cultural traits

Evidence

This understanding of race and racialization is unduly dependent on physical cues. While the visual dimension does indeed inspire racialization, I found Muslim American experience it even when they are racially visible as white. Therefore, for me to use the concept of racialization to understand how Muslim bodies acquire racial meanings, I provide a newer, updated definition of the term employing other factors that allow for bodies to be understood as racial. I define it as “the process by which bodies become racial in their lived realities because of biological and/or cultural traits as a result of the inter­ section and cooperation between ideologies, policies, laws, and social interactions that results in the denial of equal treatment in society.” This definition allows scholars to examine racialization as interactional—­between societal institutions and individuals. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88

Categorization

• DEFINE: Her updated definition of racialization is the book’s core conceptual contribution, extending Omi and Winant’s phenotype-bound version.
• XREF: Directly answers the guiding question of how a faith gets racialized — the mechanism is the intersection of ideologies, policies, laws, and social interactions. — connects to: American officials read educated Muslims as a racially distinct civilized breed apart.; Categorical whiteness excludes Arabs and Muslims from the benefits of racial remedy in America; Cultural practices become racialized when they are essentialized as innate to Muslims — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 274 (+22 more)
• recurring: this claim recurs 7 times within its source

Library Connections

• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people #instantiates (0.90) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 91

Broader Connections

• Cultural traits like language, clothing, and religious practice can racialize a group. #expands (0.85)
• Cultural racism substitutes cultural traits for biological ones in racializing groups. #expands (0.85)
• Racialization can proceed from cultural traits without any phenotypic difference #corroborates (0.85) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88
• Cultural practices become racialized when they are essentialized as innate to Muslims #expands (0.70) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 274
• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion #corroborates (0.65)
• Religious identity replaced ethnicity as the marker making Muslim Americans seen as anti-American #corroborates (0.60)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims #corroborates (0.55)
• Hypersurveillance itself is the mechanism that racializes Muslim Americans #responds-to (0.50)