Racial targeting makes mere category membership, not enmity, grounds for persecution

Evidence

After 9/11, the perceptions of Muslim Americans quickly shifted from being not quite American because of their religious and ethnic identity to being a threat to America. Religious signifiers such as names or religious clothing (the hijab or the jilbaab) mark Muslims as targets for surveillance because it incites the misperception that they are dangerous, violent, oppressed, and misogynists. Because these religious signifiers are racialized, Muslim bodies encounter interactions with both the state and their private citizens that are guided by racist assumptions rooted in stereotypes of Muslims. While one may experience social isolation or questions about one’s American identity such as “Where are you really from?” because of an ethnic identity, a Muslim identity incites hostility like “Go back to where you came from!” — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 650 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling; Racial distinctions operate as active structuring principles, not mere historical residues; Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 650 (+4 more)

Related

• Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens (similarity 0.92)
• Muslim religious identity becomes a racial category through surveillance. (similarity 0.88)
• No US religious community endures such simultaneous embrace and surveillance (similarity 0.88)
• Surveillance derives from country-of-origin priority lists that racialize Muslim identity (similarity 0.85)
• Surveillance justified by religious identity constitutes racialization of Muslims (similarity 0.85)
• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion (similarity 0.85)
• The racialized Muslim category flexibly absorbs perceived Muslims across ethnicity, nationality, and religion. (similarity 0.85)
• The state authorizes citizens to racially profile Muslims under national security (similarity 0.85)
• Surveillance targets Muslim Americans based on religious identity regardless of citizenship (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim identity is criminalized by national security policies (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people (similarity 0.84)
• Hypersurveillance itself is the mechanism that racializes Muslim Americans (similarity 0.84)
• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination (similarity 0.84)
• State surveillance jointly documents citizens and is justified by racialized religious identity (similarity 0.84)
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling (similarity 0.83)

Broader Connections

• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination #exemplifies (0.92)
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling #corroborates (0.85)
• Racialized religious signifiers trigger hostile surveillance interactions with state and citizens #exemplifies (0.80) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 650
• Racial distinctions operate as active structuring principles, not mere historical residues #expands (0.75)
• Class privilege does not shield Muslim Americans from racialized surveillance #exemplifies (0.75)