Islamophobia requires an acknowledged Muslim or Islamic element to be identified.

Evidence

As a consequence of this, exclusionary practices – practices that disadvantage, prejudice or discriminate against Muslims and Islam in social, economic and political spheres ensue, including the subjection to violence – are in evidence. For such to be Islamophobia however, an acknowledged ‘Muslim’ or ‘Islamic’ element – either explicit or implicit, overtly expressed or covertly hidden, or merely even nuanced through meanings that are ‘theological’, ‘social’, ‘cultural’, ‘racial’ and so on, that at times never even necessarily name or identify ‘Muslims’ or ‘Islam’ – must be present. — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 911

Categorization

• DEFINE: Sets the boundary criterion distinguishing Islamophobia from generic exclusion — the required Muslim/Islamic referent.
• XREF: Directly relevant to the reader’s central contest over whether Islamophobia is race-based (Runnymede 2017) or meaning-based (Allen) — Allen allows racial meanings but centers a looser Muslim/Islamic element. — connects to: Islamophobic presumption attaches to anyone perceived as Muslim, regardless of belief or practice. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 473; Islamophobia analysis must center Muslim agency and recognition, not mere Othering. — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 584; Muslim identity cannot be reduced to religion alone — Fred Halliday, ‘Islamophobia’ Reconsidered, 43 (+7 more)

Related

• An acknowledged Muslim or Islamic element is the defining criterion of Islamophobia (similarity 0.93)
• Islamophobia centers on recognition of Muslim-ness and its ideological meaning (similarity 0.92)
• Islamophobia is an ideology sustaining negative meaning about Muslims. (similarity 0.89)
• Efforts to define Islam are what define understanding of Islamophobia (similarity 0.89)
• Islamophobia is an ideology, not a set of actions or practices (similarity 0.88)
• Islamophobia is the meaning disseminated about Muslims and Islam rather than any single act (similarity 0.88)
• Islamophobia is best understood as an ideology akin to racism (similarity 0.88)
• A valid Islamophobia concept must avoid essentialising Muslims or Islam. (similarity 0.87)
• Islamophobia analysis must center Muslim agency and recognition, not mere Othering. (similarity 0.87)
• Islamophobia should be analyzed as power-relations rather than as error about Islam. (similarity 0.87)
• Islamophobia denotes fear, hatred, and hostility toward Muslims and Islam. (similarity 0.87)
• Islamophobia is best understood and countered as a form of anti-Muslim racism. (similarity 0.87)
• Islamophobia need not rest on false beliefs about Islam or Muslims. (similarity 0.86)
• Defining Islamophobia requires abandoning checklists of identifying criteria. (similarity 0.86)
• Islamophobic exclusionary practices remain empirically unproven. (similarity 0.86)

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia centers on recognition of Muslim-ness and its ideological meaning #expands (0.90) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 574
• Islamophobia victims need not be Arab or Muslim #qualifies (0.85) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 77