Islamophobic exclusionary practices remain empirically unproven.

Evidence

The final component of Islamophobia is exclusionary practices: practices that disadvantage, prejudice or discriminate against Muslims and Islam in social, economic and political spheres. exclusionary practices must also include the subjection to violence as a tool of exclusion. However, as yet, such exclusionary practices remain far from being empirically proven, a situation that desperately requires additional research be undertaken; firstly to identify and subsequently substantiate their existence; and secondly to necessarily shift the evidence for such away from the anecdotal and over-inflationary. — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 903

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: A third of recorded Islamophobic incidents lack any Muslim marker distinguishing them from racism — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 649; Exclusionary practices are Islamophobic through their causal origins, not their form — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 804; Hard evidence for Islamophobic exclusionary practices remains scarce and largely anecdotal — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 903 (+7 more)

Broader Connections

• Hard evidence for Islamophobic exclusionary practices remains scarce and largely anecdotal #corroborates (0.95) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 903
• Public Islamophobia debate lacks empirical grounding and nuance #expands (0.85) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 42
• Racism has empirical grounding that Islamophobia still lacks #expands (0.85) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 789
• Evidence of anti-Muslim incidents has not convinced many of Islamophobia as a distinct phenomenon #corroborates (0.85) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 660
• Inconsistent operational definitions prevent cumulating research on Islamophobia. #qualifies (0.80) — Erik Bleich, What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is…, 66
• Measuring Islamophobia requires reliable indicators rather than anecdotal evidence. #corroborates (0.80) — Erik Bleich, What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is…, 59
• Islamophobia lacks a standard definition, blocking comparative social-science analysis. #qualifies (0.75) — Erik Bleich, What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is…, 9
• Islamophobia comprises ideology, modes of operation, and exclusionary practices #expands (0.70) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 918