Race has no genetic basis yet produces real material consequences.

Evidence

“Race” is a conceptual and discursive category that works to system - atically classify human difference based on socially constructed meanings. Many researchers and popular news writers have repeatedly debunked the idea of race as a classifying system representing significant genetic characteristics common to groups—in other words, race has absolutely no genetic basis but rather is a social construct influenced by a set of discursive practices. Skin color is only that, skin color. The genes that determine skin color do not have any relationship to the genes that determine blood type, physical athletic ability, talent, or intelligence. This is a very different thing from saying that race is not “real,” however. The concrete and material impacts and results of these discursive practices and this social construction on people’s day-to-day lives are very real, sometimes reaching the levels of determining life and livelihood, if not life and death. — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education, 1112

Categorization

• XREF: Pays off ch 24 claim that value hierarchies become second-nature through embedded discourse; reframes what counts as ‘real’ for classroom discussion. — connects to: Race is a culturally invented discursive category used to inferiorize groups. — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education: Toward Diverse,…, 1106; Mixed-race IQ patterns refute claims of inherited racial intelligence differences. — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education: Toward Diverse,…, 1288; Race has no biological reality but is a potent social force (+15 more)

Broader Connections

• Race has no biological reality but is a potent social force #corroborates (0.98)
• Race is social construction with real material consequences, not biology #corroborates (0.98) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 124
• Race is socially constructed rather than biologically real but has powerful social effects #corroborates (0.98) — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 113
• Race is a political and social construct, not a scientific category #corroborates (0.90)
• Human genome sequencing showed race has no genetic basis #expands (0.85) — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 1177
• Races are produced by racism, not by biology #expands (0.82) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76
• Ancient notions of race as biology do not match reality #corroborates (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 901
• Race is a social reduction to sheer force, not a natural trait #corroborates (0.80) — Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 124
• Race exists only as a specter produced by racism, not as reality #expands (0.80)
• Race is a shifting disposition, not a fixed category. #corroborates (0.78)
• Race cannot be given singular meaning nor can economy alone determine all social outcomes. #complicates (0.75) — Hall, Stuart, Essential Essays, Volume 1, 297
• Phenotype was never the whole basis of the race concept #expands (0.75) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 165
• Race lacks a singular transhistorical essence and is not fully determined by economics #complicates (0.75)
• Biological race and craniology do not constitute historical unity among humans. #corroborates (0.72) — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 1269