Race being social means it consists of identity practices, not biology.

Evidence

If we accept that races are not biological but social, then they can be nothing but amalgams of different identities and practices including practices of gender and sexuality, geography, ethnicity, and linguistic identity, as well as the social recognition by other members of the race. Even if we often use proxies for race such as phenotype, color, class, or cultural markers, these can be deceptive. Rachel Dolezal, after all, was able to pass for Black with surprising ease even though she was once a white child. Her performance of race and inhabitance of Blackness was so convincing that she was appointed the director of the Spokane chapter of the NAACP, only stepping down when her “real” identity was revealed. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 89

Categorization

• DEFINE: Lays out the constitutive practice-based definition of race that grounds her racecraft-derived argument that Islam can be a race.
• XREF: The race-as-amalgam claim builds on the Fields sisters’ racecraft idea and should be compared with Aziz’s historical construction of the ‘Racial Muslim.’ — connects to: Race is a political and social construct, not a scientific category; If race is social, race is an amalgam of practices, not proxies like phenotype — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 89; Social practice, not genetics, assigns mixed-ancestry persons to racial categories. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 675 (+15 more)

Broader Connections

• Race is a political and social construct, not a scientific category #corroborates (0.95)
• If race is social, race is an amalgam of practices, not proxies like phenotype #expands (0.92) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 89
• Race categories result from social assignment, not biology #corroborates (0.92) — Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White, 27
• Race and ethnicity are socially constructed rather than natural categories. #corroborates (0.90) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 104
• Race has no biological reality but is a potent social force #corroborates (0.90)
• Social practice, not genetics, assigns mixed-ancestry persons to racial categories. #exemplifies (0.88) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 675
• Race is social construction with real material consequences, not biology #expands (0.88) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 124
• Racial identity is a dynamic bricolage, not a fixed biological given. #corroborates (0.85)
• Black identity is politically constructed, not grounded in fixed biological categories. #exemplifies (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 128
• Racial identity is dynamically co-created, not a fixed biological given #corroborates (0.85) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 94
• Races are produced by racism, not by biology #corroborates (0.82) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76
• Race is both biological and social because bodies are shaped by social practices #complicates (0.82) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1561
• Races are produced by racism, not biology, through imperial practice #corroborates (0.80) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 88
• Race is a social reduction to sheer force, not a natural trait #corroborates (0.78) — Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 124
• Race is a shifting disposition, not a fixed category. #corroborates (0.78)