Race is social construction with real material consequences, not biology

Evidence

Second, race is a social construction, not a biological fact, that has real-life material consequences. Accordingly, I adopt Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s definition of race as “an organizing principle of social relationships that shapes the identity of individual actors at the micro level and shapes all spheres of social life at the macro level.” That is, racism arises from racialized social systems in societies where “economic, political, social, and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories or races.” — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 124

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines race via Bonilla-Silva as an organizing principle of social relationships structuring identity at micro and macro levels.
• XREF: Connects to Bonilla-Silva’s racialized social systems theory, also foundational in critical race theory literature. — connects to: Race is a social reduction to sheer force, not a natural trait — Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 124; Races are produced by racism, not by biology — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 76; Races are produced by racism, not biology, through imperial practice — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 88 (+6 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 124