Racialization operates through cultural traits and social interactions, not only physical cues.

Evidence

Therefore, for me to use the concept of racialization to understand how Muslim bodies acquire racial meanings, I provide a newer, updated definition of the term employing other factors that allow for bodies to be understood as racial. I define it as “the process by which bodies become racial in their lived realities because of biological and/or cultural traits as a result of the inter­ section and cooperation between ideologies, policies, laws, and social interactions that results in the denial of equal treatment in society.” This definition allows scholars to examine racialization as interactional—­between societal institutions and individuals. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Surveillance of culture is racialized when cultural practices are essentialized as innate to Muslims, subjecting them to intense scrutiny. For example, any abuse that Muslim women experience at the hands of Muslim men is reduced to religious cultural values perpetuated by Islam. The Taliban’s treatment of women in Afghanistan is an example of this culturally fueled racism. Muslim women were constructed as in need of saving from Muslim men, which in turn justified the invasion of Afghanistan (Razack 2008 Abu-Lughod 2013). Another example of this is the misconception that Muslim women are forced to wear the hijab. Private citizens chastise Muslim American women who wear the hijab because for them it represents subservience to patriarchy, rather than being understood as a choice. Wearing the hijab is treated as a cultural aberration to American societal values and individuals who wear it are understood as antimodern and antifeminist. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 274 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Racism functions as practices that ascribe and legitimate social positions; Egyptian social rank relied on race and ethnicity, not just wealth and family name.; Negrophobia operates on the biological and instinctual level. — Frantz Fanon, Constance Farrington, Black skin, white masks, 601 (+16 more)

Related

• Cultural racism substitutes cultural traits for biological ones in racializing groups. (similarity 0.94)
• Cultural traits like language, clothing, and religious practice can racialize a group. (similarity 0.94)
• Cultural racism substitutes cultural difference for biological difference as a racial logic (similarity 0.93)
• Cultural and religious practices can racialize a body just as skin tone does (similarity 0.92)
• Muslim Americans are racialized even when visibly white, so racialization must include cultural traits (similarity 0.91)
• Racialization can proceed from cultural traits without any phenotypic difference (similarity 0.90)
• Racialization mutates with the power interests that institutionalize it, not fixed phenotypes. (similarity 0.90)
• Cultural racism targets Muslims’ beliefs and traditions as if they were inherited essence. (similarity 0.89)
• Cultural practices become racialized when they are essentialized as innate to Muslims (similarity 0.87)
• Racism functions as practices that ascribe and legitimate social positions (similarity 0.87)
• Cultural and religious practices become racialized markers treated as inherent traits. (similarity 0.87)
• Racial identification is learned, not observed in skin color. (similarity 0.86)
• Muslim identity gets racialized through names and clothing, not only skin tone (similarity 0.86)
• Racialization of Muslims operates through daily citizen interactions, not only state action. (similarity 0.86)
• Religious cultural practices get read as evidence of Muslim men’s misogyny rather than doctrine. (similarity 0.86)

Broader Connections

• Racialization can proceed from cultural traits without any phenotypic difference #corroborates (0.85) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88
• Cultural traits like language, clothing, and religious practice can racialize a group. #exemplifies (0.80)
• Cultural racism substitutes cultural traits for biological ones in racializing groups. #expands (0.80)
• Cultural practices become racialized when they are essentialized as innate to Muslims #expands (0.80) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 274
• Muslim Americans are racialized even when visibly white, so racialization must include cultural traits #corroborates (0.75) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88
• Racialization of Muslims operates through daily citizen interactions, not only state action. #expands (0.70) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 247