Racialization can proceed from cultural traits without any phenotypic difference

Evidence

Therefore, for me to use the concept of racialization to understand how Muslim bodies acquire racial meanings, I provide a newer, updated definition of the term employing other factors that allow for bodies to be understood as racial. I define it as “the process by which bodies become racial in their lived realities because of biological and/or cultural traits as a result of the inter­ section and cooperation between ideologies, policies, laws, and social interactions that results in the denial of equal treatment in society.” This definition allows scholars to examine racialization as interactional—­between societal institutions and individuals. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88

Categorization

• DEFINE: The author’s own revised definition of racialization, deliberately extending Omi and Winant’s phenotype-bound version.
• XREF: Contrasts with Omi and Winant’s definition cited in paragraph 84 and 86, giving a concrete theorist-to-theorist revision. — connects to: Cultural domination has real effects without being all-powerful or all-inclusive; Color becomes the judgment criterion regardless of education or attainment; Race has no biological reality but is a potent social force (+25 more)