British racial categories for Muslims changed labels while retaining racist content.

Evidence

It is important to remember, for example, that ‘Muslims’ in post-war Britain were configured as ‘coloured’, then ‘black’, then ‘Asian’, then ‘Pakistani’ and ‘Bangladeshi’ before they appeared as ‘Muslims’ (Alexander 1998, 2002) – and while the labels may have changed, the racist content of the category largely did not. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 168

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the module’s rival definitions of Islamophobia — this genealogy shows the label shift that anti-Muslimism and racialization critiques both respond to. — connects to: The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 163; British Muslims were ethnicized before being recognized as a faith group — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 185; Ethnic data categories cannot capture the Muslim penalty in British institutions — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 54 (+3 more)

Related

• The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels (similarity 0.92)
• Ethnic categories fail to capture the distinct experience of British Muslims. (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim migrants were initially subsumed under the hegemonic ‘Asian’ label (similarity 0.84)
• The racialized Muslim category swept in non-Muslims who merely look Muslim (similarity 0.84)
• British Muslims were ethnicized before being recognized as a faith group (similarity 0.83)
• Census ethnicity categories poorly capture British Muslim experience as proxies (similarity 0.83)
• Religious identity grew more salient than ethnicity among later-generation British Muslims (similarity 0.82)
• Religious and ethnic disadvantages in Britain must be separated analytically to explain Muslim outcomes. (similarity 0.82)
• Suspicion of Britain’s Muslims predates modern biological racism (similarity 0.81)
• British-born Muslims replaced ancestral ethnicity with religious identity (similarity 0.81)
• Colonial-era differentiation of Muslims preceded and enabled present-day racialization. (similarity 0.81)
• Colonial census logic ethnicized Islam by equating ‘Islamic’ with ‘Malay’ (similarity 0.81)
• British anti-racism discourse centred on colour until the early 1990s (similarity 0.81)
• The racialized Muslim category is fluid enough to absorb non-Muslims perceived as Muslim (similarity 0.81)
• Ethnic data categories cannot capture the Muslim penalty in British institutions (similarity 0.81)

Broader Connections

• The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels #corroborates (0.95) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 163
• British Muslims were ethnicized before being recognized as a faith group #expands (0.72) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 185