Religious identity grew more salient than ethnicity among later-generation British Muslims

Evidence

There was a growing body of evidence from the early 1990s that not only supported Modood’s findings but suggested that religiosity and religious identification was becoming more salient than ethnic identity among secondand subsequent-generation Muslims (Hutnik 1985, Ballard 1994, Saeed et al. 1999). — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 182

Categorization

• XREF: This is the empirical pivot of the definitional debate — the shift toward religion-based identity is precisely what Runnymede (2017) later redefines as ‘anti-Muslim racism,’ while the ethnic framing here mirrors the earlier 1997 report’s approach. — connects to: British Muslims were ethnicized before being recognized as a faith group — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 185; Muslim identity functions as a civic marker rather than mere religious belief. — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 469; Census ethnicity categories poorly capture British Muslim experience as proxies — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us…, 112 (+3 more)
• DEFINE: Establishes the empirical base on which ‘Islamophobia’ as faith-based discrimination (vs. race-based) was built in the 1990s.

Related

• Second-generation British Muslims replaced heritage labels with Islamic identity (similarity 0.89)
• British Muslims were ethnicized before being recognized as a faith group (similarity 0.88)
• British-born Muslims replaced ancestral ethnicity with religious identity (similarity 0.87)
• Muslim identity functions as a civic marker rather than mere religious belief. (similarity 0.84)
• Scholars moved from ethnic to religious penalties to explain Muslim disadvantage (similarity 0.83)
• British racial categories for Muslims changed labels while retaining racist content. (similarity 0.82)
• The racialized content of the Muslim category persisted across changing labels (similarity 0.82)
• Suspicion of Britain’s Muslims predates modern biological racism (similarity 0.82)
• Census ethnicity categories poorly capture British Muslim experience as proxies (similarity 0.81)
• Muslim identity cannot be reduced to religion alone (similarity 0.81)
• The Runnymede report reframed anti-Muslim prejudice as faith-based rather than ethnic. (similarity 0.81)
• Religious and ethnic disadvantages in Britain must be separated analytically to explain Muslim outcomes. (similarity 0.80)
• Britain first recognized Muslims only through the lens of fundamentalism (similarity 0.80)
• Lack of religious census categories hid Muslims within ethnic and birth-country data (similarity 0.80)
• Muslim identity is real but never the sole or primary form of social self-understanding. (similarity 0.80)

Broader Connections

• British-born Muslims replaced ancestral ethnicity with religious identity #corroborates (1.00) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 51
• Second-generation British Muslims replaced heritage labels with Islamic identity #corroborates (1.00)