Ethnic data categories cannot capture the Muslim penalty in British institutions

Evidence

2. Public services but also private and charity sector employers should collect more data on Muslims and other faith/non-faith groups. Given evidence of a specific ‘Muslim penalty’ across different sectors, and the diversity of the Muslim population, using existing census group ethnicity categories cannot capture the experience of Muslims in the public and private sectors. This should be part of wider efforts of public services and employers to improve their data collection, including response rates, on ethnic monitoring. Historically, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group categories were used as proxies for Muslim; these groups currently account for just over half (55%) of British Muslims. — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 54

Categorization

• XREF: ‘Muslim penalty’ echoes the ‘ethnic penalty’ literature in British sociology of race — shows Runnymede treating Muslim disadvantage as structurally analogous to racial disadvantage, the empirical warrant for the anti-Muslim racism definition. — connects to: British ‘ethnic minority’ communities are internally diverse and not segregated ghettos; Ethnic categories fail to capture the distinct experience of British Muslims. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 59; Existing census ethnicity categories fail to capture Muslim experience as a distinct category. — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 118 (+7 more)

Related

• Ethnic categories fail to capture the distinct experience of British Muslims. (similarity 0.96)
• Existing census ethnicity categories fail to capture Muslim experience as a distinct category. (similarity 0.96)
• Census ethnicity categories poorly capture British Muslim experience as proxies (similarity 0.95)
• Religious and ethnic disadvantages in Britain must be separated analytically to explain Muslim outcomes. (similarity 0.87)
• Lack of religious census categories hid Muslims within ethnic and birth-country data (similarity 0.86)
• British ‘ethnic minority’ communities are internally diverse and not segregated ghettos (similarity 0.86)
• Muslim organizations won religion’s inclusion in the UK census. (similarity 0.84)
• British racial categories for Muslims changed labels while retaining racist content. (similarity 0.81)
• Scholars moved from ethnic to religious penalties to explain Muslim disadvantage (similarity 0.79)
• The ethnic makeup of Muslims varies widely by region in England. (similarity 0.79)

Broader Connections

• Census ethnicity categories poorly capture British Muslim experience as proxies #corroborates (0.95) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 112
• Lack of religious census categories hid Muslims within ethnic and birth-country data #exemplifies (0.90) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 186
• British racial categories for Muslims changed labels while retaining racist content. #qualifies (0.75) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 168