Anti-Muslim attacks target visibly identifiable markers like the hijab.

Evidence

One illustration of this may be found in the summary report on Islamophobia published by the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia shortly after 9/11. This indicated a rise in the number of ‘physical and verbal threats being made, particularly to those visually identifiable as Muslims, in particular women wearing the hijab’. Despite variations in the number and correlation of physical and verbal threats directed at Muslim populations among the individual nation/states, one overarching feature that emerged in all the fifteen European Union countries was the tendency for Muslim women to be attacked because the hijab signified an Islamic identity. — Nasar Meer, Tariq Modood, Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslim…, 44

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: Connects to ‘Complaints About Immodesty Go Way Back’ — the hijab as a targeted, visible marker of identity subjected to hostile policing across the EU.
• recurring: this claim recurs 2 times within its source
• XREF: connects to: Hijab-wearers and mosques both symbolize Islam’s threat and face violence — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 506; Visual markers of Muslim identity are treated as interchangeable signs of threat — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 452; The hijab marks Muslim women instantly and provokes hostile public encounters (+14 more)

Related

• Visual markers of Muslim identity are treated as interchangeable signs of threat (similarity 0.88)
• Signifiers like the hijab organize Muslims into homogenized societal categories (similarity 0.88)
• The hijab functions as Islam’s most provocative symbol in Western public discourse. (similarity 0.88)
• Hijab-wearers and mosques both symbolize Islam’s threat and face violence (similarity 0.87)
• Muslim women are disproportionately targeted because hijabs make them most visibly Muslim (similarity 0.87)
• Visible Muslim identity increases vulnerability to hate crime victimization. (similarity 0.87)
• The hijab marks Muslim women instantly and provokes hostile public encounters (similarity 0.86)
• The hijab functions as a racial marker that triggers airport surveillance (similarity 0.85)
• Religious identity can be racialized when signifiers trigger profiling (similarity 0.84)
• Street-level anti-Muslim abuse targets perceived appearance, not actual belief or practice (similarity 0.83)
• The War on Terror targets a religiously defined region, making hijab-wearing women stateless foreigners (similarity 0.83)
• Surveillance targets a Muslim name, not religious belief, making it racial discrimination (similarity 0.83)
• The hijab makes Muslim women visible targets of displaced anti-terror anger (similarity 0.83)
• The hijab signals foreignness so strongly it overrides ethnicity and skin tone (similarity 0.82)
• American-born Muslim women are assaulted for being recognizably Muslim (similarity 0.82)

Broader Connections

• The hijab marks Muslim women instantly and provokes hostile public encounters #corroborates (0.95)
• Muslim women are disproportionately targeted because hijabs make them most visibly Muslim #corroborates (0.90) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 555
• Hijab-wearers and mosques both symbolize Islam’s threat and face violence #corroborates (0.85) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 506
• Visual markers of Muslim identity are treated as interchangeable signs of threat #expands (0.85) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 452
• The hijab rather than skin tone triggers racializing surveillance of Muslim women #expands (0.85) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 292
• Visible Muslim identity increases vulnerability to hate crime victimization. #corroborates (0.85) — A. Hussain, N. Meer, Framing Muslim Integration, 360
• The hijab functions as a racial marker that triggers airport surveillance #expands (0.80) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 224
• Racial profiling extends to religious signifiers like Muslim names and clothing. #expands (0.80) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 227
• State surveillance escalates with how visibly Muslim a person is #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 380
• Signifiers like the hijab organize Muslims into homogenized societal categories #expands (0.80) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 753
• The hijab functions like skin tone by marking bodies as racial others #expands (0.80)
• Visible Muslim religious practice invites state suspicion and hate-motivated backlash #expands (0.80) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 540
• Ordinary fashion choices become racial markers on hijabi bodies #expands (0.80) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 412
• Airport surveillance publicly signals to the population that Muslims are potential terrorists #expands (0.75) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 338
• Muslim bodies are treated as potential terrorists until proven otherwise #expands (0.75) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 282