Street-level anti-Muslim abuse targets perceived appearance, not actual belief or practice
Evidence
Since this can result from wearing Islamic attire, it becomes irrelevant*/if it is even possible*/to separate the impact of appearing Muslim from the impact of appearing to follow Islam. For example, the increase in personal abuse and everyday racism since 9/11 and 7/7 in which the perceived ‘Islamicness’ of the victims is the central reason for abuse*/regardless of the validity of this presumption, to the point that Sikhs and others with an ‘Arab’ appearance have been attacked for ‘looking like bin Laden’*/sugsuggests that discrimination and/or hostility to Islam and Muslims are much more interlinked than Halliday’s thesis allows. — Nasar Meer, Tariq Modood, Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslim…, 42
Categorization
- XREF: connects to: Anti-Muslim attacks target visibly identifiable markers like the hijab. — Nasar Meer, Tariq Modood, Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslim…, 44
Related
- Anti-Muslim attacks target visibly identifiable markers like the hijab. (similarity 0.83)
- Islamophobic abuse targets non-Muslim visible minorities mistaken for Muslims. (similarity 0.82)
- Visible Muslim identity increases vulnerability to hate crime victimization. (similarity 0.82)
- Anti-Muslim prejudice functions as racialized discrimination tied to physical appearance. (similarity 0.80)
- Visual markers of Muslim identity are treated as interchangeable signs of threat (similarity 0.80)
- Hijab-wearers and mosques both symbolize Islam’s threat and face violence (similarity 0.78)
- Because anti-Muslim hate is identity-targeted, victims cannot dismiss it as random (similarity 0.78)
- Anti-Muslim jokes racialize Muslim bodies and mark them as untrusted (similarity 0.78)