Muslim women are disproportionately targeted because hijabs make them most visibly Muslim

Evidence

It is no surprise therefore that when these visual identifiers held such primacy in determining who or what became the targets for discrimination, abuse, violence and aggression, that it was Muslim women in particular – possibly the most visually identifiable religious adherents in contemporary Europe – who became the primary foci for retaliation. So for example, the report stated that Islamophobic incidents were identified in Denmark where a Muslim woman was thrown from a moving taxi; in Germany, where Muslim women had their hijabs torn from their heads; and in Italy where a bus driver repeatedly shut a Muslim woman in the bus’ doors much to the amusement of an on-looking and cheering crowd. — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 555

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the modesty/complaints-about-immodesty moral panic material and to how dress functions as a visibility marker of out-group status. — connects to: Anti-Muslim attacks target visibly identifiable markers like the hijab. — Nasar Meer, Tariq Modood, Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslim…, 44; Wearing the hijab shifts how Muslim women are racially perceived and treated; The hijab rather than skin tone triggers racializing surveillance of Muslim women — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 292 (+7 more)
• SHARE: The detail that crowds cheered a bus driver repeatedly shutting a Muslim woman in doors is a stark concrete instance worth sharing with anyone studying bystander complicity.

Related

• The hijab marks Muslim women instantly and provokes hostile public encounters (similarity 0.88)
• Anti-Muslim attacks target visibly identifiable markers like the hijab. (similarity 0.87)
• Wearing the hijab shifts how Muslim women are racially perceived and treated (similarity 0.86)
• The hijab functions as Islam’s most provocative symbol in Western public discourse. (similarity 0.86)
• Gendered Islamophobia imposes the most distorted stereotypes on veiled Muslim women. (similarity 0.85)
• Western discourse displaces Muslim threats onto obsessing over women’s clothing (similarity 0.84)
• Rising Islamophobia drove many Muslim women to adopt the hijab in protest. (similarity 0.84)
• Hijab-wearers and mosques both symbolize Islam’s threat and face violence (similarity 0.84)
• Muslim women are simultaneously attacked as threats and pitied as victims (similarity 0.84)
• Islamophobic hate crime constrains Muslim women and harms bystander group members. (similarity 0.84)
• The hijab makes Muslim women visible targets of displaced anti-terror anger (similarity 0.83)
• Gender shapes both how Muslims are racialized and how they respond (similarity 0.83)
• Muslim men escape stranger harassment but women in hijabs do not (similarity 0.83)
• American-born Muslim women are assaulted for being recognizably Muslim (similarity 0.83)
• Signifiers like the hijab organize Muslims into homogenized societal categories (similarity 0.83)

Broader Connections

• Wearing the hijab shifts how Muslim women are racially perceived and treated #corroborates (0.95)
• The hijab marks Muslim women instantly and provokes hostile public encounters #corroborates (0.93)
• The hijab rather than skin tone triggers racializing surveillance of Muslim women #corroborates (0.92) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 292
• Wearing the hijab strips Arab women of their perceived whiteness #expands (0.85) — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 145
• Gendered Islamophobia imposes the most distorted stereotypes on veiled Muslim women. #expands (0.85)
• Signifiers like the hijab organize Muslims into homogenized societal categories #expands (0.82) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 753
• Hijab converts white-passing women into racialized outsiders #corroborates (0.82) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 404
• Muslim women are surveilled for cultural transgression while men are watched for terror potential #expands (0.80) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 92
• Gendered Islamophobia names discrimination targeting Muslim women #expands (0.78)