Racial discrimination can precede and constitute a group’s own racialized self-understanding

Evidence

Given their lack of racialized self-understanding, Muslims are seen in law, in effect, as only partially racialized and therefore not yet/not quite an ethnic or racial group. However, this approach is problematic because it disregards that racial discrimination often precedes a racialized self-understanding and therefore full racialization. Put differently, partially racialized groups experience racial discrimination, which can be a constitutive experience in their eventual full racialization. — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 66

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Muslims get racialized via projected religious ancestry regardless of self-understanding — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 64; Both self-identification and actuality requirements shift legal focus from discriminators’ attitudes to victims’ identity — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 75; Full racialization requires external ascription and internal adoption to eventually coincide — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 65 (+3 more)

Related

• Anti-discrimination law requires groups to self-identify as racialized before they gain protection (similarity 0.90)
• Understanding discrimination against Muslims requires analyzing race and religion together (similarity 0.84)
• Visible phenotype is not required for a group to become racialized (similarity 0.83)
• Shared connection to Islam, not color, now anchors Muslim racialization (similarity 0.83)
• The legal self-identification requirement for ethnic groups constitutes self-racialization (similarity 0.83)
• Muslims get racialized via projected religious ancestry regardless of self-understanding (similarity 0.83)
• Muslim racialization operates through visual perception and performed characteristics across discursive regimes (similarity 0.83)
• Black racial identity is externally imposed before it is self-chosen (similarity 0.83)
• African American Muslims are racialized as Black before being seen as Muslim (similarity 0.83)
• Religious identity can become racialized by imputing biological and cultural inferiority (similarity 0.82)
• Racialization can proceed from cultural traits without any phenotypic difference (similarity 0.82)
• Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone (similarity 0.82)
• Once Islam itself is the problem, Muslims are permanently unassimilable. (similarity 0.82)
• Racial identification is learned, not observed in skin color. (similarity 0.82)
• Full racialization requires external ascription and internal adoption to eventually coincide (similarity 0.82)