Understanding discrimination against Muslims requires analyzing race and religion together

Evidence

Historicizing and contextualizing the pervasive discrimination against Muslims in the post-9/11 era defies a tidy analysis along lines of religious freedom or racial bigotry. Without looking at how race and religion work together, we cannot understand how Muslims are racialized, including those whose phenotype presents as White. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 112

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the racial-formation literature and to analyses of how religion becomes racialized (e.g., Sikhs as ‘Muslim’ under racial profiling); also pairs with works on anti-Arab racism. — connects to: Race analysis better captures anti-Muslim discrimination than religious-discrimination framing — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 317