Religious identity can become racialized by imputing biological and cultural inferiority

Evidence

This transformation of Muslim identity into a racial identity has led to myriad assaults on Muslims’ religious freedoms. Similar to the racialization of Jews, Catholics, and Mormons a century ago, adherence to Islam imputes inferior biological and cultural traits to its followers. That is, to be Muslim is to be presumed to possess a pathology of violence, fanaticism, and despotism antithetical to (Christian) religious norms. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 712

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to racialization theory of Irish, Jews, and other groups discussed in whiteness studies. — connects to: Religious identity alone distanced Asian Indians from whiteness in naturalization law. — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 118; Ancestry-based purity laws displaced religious conversion as a path to inclusion; Culture served as a racializing mode that displaced politics onto religion — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 256 (+3 more)
• QUESTION: How does doctrinal practice itself become a proxy for race when neither ancestry nor phenotype works as the marker?