African American Muslims are racialized as Black before being seen as Muslim

Evidence

The most glaring limitation is my purposeful focus on immigrant Muslims who arrived on US shores after 1965. Although I take into account how the racialization of African American Muslims has shaped the racialization of immigrant Muslims (see chapters 3, 5, and 6), I agree with Sylvia Chan-Malik, and Zain Abdullah that the racialization of African American Muslims is intertwined with the enslavement of Africans, of whom approximately 30 percent were estimated to be Muslim. I also concur with Edward Curtis in his assessment that African American Muslims are racialized as Black first, resulting in their Black identity intersecting with their Muslim identity to create experiences of private and state discrimination uniquely different from those of immigrant Muslims. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 116

Categorization

• XREF: Echoes intersectionality (Crenshaw) and the idea of ‘racialization first’ against narrative that religion alone drives anti-Muslim discrimination. Also connects to enslaved Muslims in African American history. — connects to: Housing discrimination affects both Black and nonblack Muslims more than any other Philadelphia group — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 484; Mixed-race individuals are classified as black under the hypodescent rule — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 721
• QUESTION: Worth chasing: how did the Black-first racialization of African American Muslims historically feed into/alter the racialization of immigrant Muslims post-1965?
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 116