Visible phenotype is not required for a group to become racialized

Evidence

In summary, racism deployed against a discernible group based on some shared difference creates a racial identity. The reiterative process of racial differentiation into an identity through the rituals of racism eventually gives rise to a race. Even if that race is fictitious and spectral, it appears to exist. Racial identity is complex given the variations within racialized groups. Muslims do not look phenotypically any particular way. Neither do Latinx people and neither do Black Americans. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 526

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Racial ascription can override visual passing and self-identification alike — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 526; Islam functions as a full race in American and European hierarchies — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 527; Heterogeneity does not disqualify a group from holding racial identity. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 61 (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• Racialization can proceed from cultural traits without any phenotypic difference #corroborates (0.95) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 88
• Phenotype was never the whole basis of the race concept #expands (0.85) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 165
• If race is social, race is an amalgam of practices, not proxies like phenotype #expands (0.80) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 89
• Racial identification is learned, not observed in skin color. #expands (0.75)