Muslim racialization developed relationally with other minority racializations.

Evidence

Racialization of Muslims has not occurred in a vacuum; rather, it has evolved in relation to other minorities. Hence when Barack Obama became a serious contender in the 2008 US presidential elections—the second African American man to do so after the Rev. Jesse Jackson—Islamophobia merged with anti-Black racism. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 833

Categorization

• XREF: Echoes critical race theory’s intersectionality and prior chapters on how racial categories evolve in relation to each other. — connects to: Islamophobia has coalesced Muslims into a distinct racial group and Islam into a race. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 61; Parallel racialization logics target Jews and Muslims across eras. — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 40; The shared underlying logic of racialization persists across Jew and Muslim targets — Nasar Meer, Racialization and Religion: Race,…, 40 (+6 more)