Two separate Islamophobic tropes merged as Black and Arab struggles converged

Evidence

It was not until the 1920s that Islam became associated with militant Blackness and political radicalism. The dangerous, disobedient, and violent Black Muslim was a racial trope separate from the foreign, despotic, and uncivilized Mahometan Turk. But as African Americans fought to dismantle Jim Crow laws and Arab nationalists fought against American imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa, the two racial constructs began coalescing. The association of Islam with violence, heathenism, and savagery—whether by immigrant or African American Muslims—was now a domestic racial ideology. European Orientalism merged with anti-Black racism. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 581

Categorization

• SEED: Article angle: the 1920s as the hinge point where anti-Black and anti-Muslim racial constructs fuse — tracing the genealogy of the ‘militant Black Muslim’ and ‘despotic foreign Muslim’ as one merged ideology.
• DEEPTHINKING: The claim that two previously distinct racial ideologies chemically merged under convergent anti-colonial and anti-Jim-Crow politics is a genuinely field-level insight about how race talk layers.
• XREF: connects to: The black criminal and brown terrorist were twin products of empire in crisis — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 237