African American and immigrant Muslims face distinct forms of anti-Muslim racism.

Evidence

The root cause of discrimination against African American Muslims lies largely in the legacies of slavery that produced Jim Crow segregation laws, lynchings, mass incarceration, school-to-jail pipelines, and the extreme poverty of Black innercity ghettos. In contrast, discrimination against immigrant Muslims is animated largely by Orientalism, American empire in Muslim-majority countries, xenophobia, and theologically based Islamophobia. A book about anti-Muslim racism that merges the experiences of immigrant and African American Muslims thus risks erasure of the important, nuanced distinctions between the two groups’ past and present subordination. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 117

Categorization

• DEFINE: Establishes the distinction between two distinct causal histories of anti-Muslim racism—Black subordination from slavery vs. immigrant subordination from Orientalism and empire.
• XREF: connects to: Housing discrimination affects both Black and nonblack Muslims more than any other Philadelphia group — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 484