Even black Americans reproduced the racialist hierarchy that exempted Muslim slaves from blackness

Evidence

Some black Americans held to similar views, often analyzing the racial, religious, and ethnic backgrounds of Muslim slaves to account for their “superiority.” The New York’s Freedom’s Journal , edited by African American John Russwurm, said in an 1828 article about Ibrahima that “it must be evident to everyone that the Prince is a man superior to the generality of Africans whom we behold in this country.” — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 365

Categorization

• QUESTION: Why would black editors adopt the same ‘superior breed’ framework that dehumanized the majority of enslaved Africans? This internalization deserves tracing.