Islam-as-race emerges only after Muslims coalesce as a racial group

Evidence

Islamicized people, it is the particularized racism of Islamophobia and the connection to Islam. However, the key contribution being made here is that once the racial group has coalesced, Islam-as-race emerges. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 110

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes the group-based racialization (Muslims as a racial group) from his novel step: the coalescing of Islam-as-race proper. This is the load-bearing analytic distinction of the whole argument.
• XREF: connects to: European colonial racial practice of differentiating Islam preceded and enabled modern Islamophobia; Islamophobia has coalesced Muslims into a distinct racial group and Islam into a race. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 61; Muslims get racialized via projected religious ancestry regardless of self-understanding — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 64 (+14 more)

Broader Connections

• The racialized Muslim category swept in non-Muslims who merely look Muslim #expands (0.90) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 539
• Islam’s racialization shifted from visible markers to belief itself as stealth fears grew #contradicts (0.90) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 262
• Muslims move down the racial hierarchy rather than becoming a new race #contradicts (0.85)
• Shared connection to Islam, not color, now anchors Muslim racialization #qualifies (0.85) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 516
• Islam has become a race despite scholars’ hesitation to name it so #qualifies (0.75)
• Racializing Muslims holds race as both fixed and fluid #expands (0.75) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 105
• Orientalism converted Muslim identity from a religion into a race. #contradicts (0.75) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 161
• Muslims are racialized as a social group rather than a religious one #qualifies (0.70)
• Islam comes to function as a race through racecraft that erases internal ethnic differences #qualifies (0.70) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 516