Institutional racism can operate without any individual intent.

Evidence

Racism is both overt and covert. It takes two, closely related forms: individual whites acting against individual blacks, and acts by the total white community against the black community. We call these individual racism and institutionalized racism. The first consists of overt acts by individuals, which cause death, injury or the violent destruction of property… The second type originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than the first type … This approach distinguished intention and outcome - a society could still be racist if the outcomes were systematically detrimental to blacks, even where there was no clear expression of intent. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1864

Categorization

• DEFINE: The canonical Carmichael & Hamilton distinction between individual and institutional racism — a foundational definitional concept for the whole field.
• DEEPTHINKING: The individual/institutional distinction plus the intention-outcome split is a genuinely paradigm-shifting way to think about structural harm — racism without racists.
• XREF: connects to: Segregation can perpetuate itself silently with no active racist actor — Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental…, 343; Personal racism and institutional forms never map one-to-one, even under totalitarianism — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1294; Hegemony lets ideologies operate without any locatable authority. — Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall, Identity and Interaction: A…, 103